Bacteria are one of the diverse groups of microorganisms survive under wide range of environmental conditions by using extended range of substrates. The remarkable metabolic flexibility and sophisticated metabolic regulations enable bacteria to better exploit the nutrient resources for their growth and adapt to the changing environment. Utilization of anthropogenic compounds, intertwined metabolism of bacteria and its partner (synergism/symbiosis), out-competing the competitors by producing small molecules, adapting to the host cell environment and metabolic degeneracy are some of the examples of fine-tuned metabolism for cell survival. Though the bacterial metabolism has profound effect on human health and ecology, our understanding of …show more content…
Strain JA2 grows under different growth modes by utilising wide array of organic compounds. Although strain JA2 could not grow at the expense of aromatic compounds as carbon source, it has remarkable biotransformation ability. Strain JA2 transforms cinnmate to phenylalanine, aniline to acetanilide, tryptophan to indoles 2, 3 and phenylalanine to phenolic compounds4, 5. SIMP studies on tryptophan catabolism in strain JA2 revealed multiple pathways 2, 3 and a novel enzyme, tryptophan ammonia lyase6. Stress induced activation of indole derivatives biosynthesis is reported in strain JA2 plausibly by yet unidentified metabolic activation mechanism7. Strain JA2 transforms phenylalanine to phenyllactic acid via Erlich’s pathway5 and also produces unusual phenyl alkyl esters and a novel phenolic compound, Rubrivivaxin, through yet unknown pathway4. Futher, genome sequence of strain JA2 revealed the presence of multiple pathways of aromatic compounds metabolism under aerobic or anaerobic states and these pathways are yet to be functionally validated 8. Overall these findings suggest the metabolic potential of strain JA2 in metabolising the aromatic compounds under varying growth modes and may harbour new metabolic pathways and biochemical reactions. In the present study we employed stable isotope assisted metabolic profiling to uncover the L-phenylalanine catabolism and to identify the catabolic pathways operating under anaerobic and aerobic growth modes. Isotope labelled phenylalanine (13C6 ring labelled) feeding and LC-MS profiling revealed surprising breadth of metabolic versatility in L-phenylalanine catabolism and presence of unusual catabolic pathways. Our study also revealed catabolic multitasking and differential metabolism of L-phenylalanine under anaerobic and aerobic conditions in strain
Table 6 shows the results of the biochemical tests. The isolate can obtain its energy by means of aerobic respiration but not fermentation. In the Oxidation-Fermentation test, a yellow color change was produced only under both aerobic conditions, indicating that the EI can oxidize glucose to produce acidic products. In addition to glucose, the EI can also utilize lactose and sucrose, and this deduction is based on the fact that the color of the test medium broth changed to yellow in all three Phenol Red Broth tests. These results are further supported by the results of the Triple Sugar Iron Agar test. Although the EI does perform fermentation of these three carbohydrates, it appears that this bacterium cannot perform mixed acid fermentation nor 2,3-butanediol fermentation due to the lack of color change in Methyl Red and Vogues-Proskauer
...indole, it is motile, there is no urease present and there is no coagulase activity. By deduction and logical reasoning Unknown 10a was determined to be Escherichia coli.
IDENTIFYING CITROBACTER FREUNDII THROUGH BIOCHEMICAL TESTING. Jebin Jacob November 15th, 14 Naghmeh Hassanzadeh Unknown - 10 Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify an unknown bacterium from a mixed culture, by conducting different biochemical tests. Bacteria are an integral part of our ecosystem.
Francisella tularensis is a bacteria that is commonly referred to as Rabbit Fever. This microorganism is often known as this because the bacteria resides in mammals such as rabbits, squirrels and mice (UPMC Center for Health Security, 2013). There are many different components to this bacteria that make it unique. The microorganism F. tularensis is one that has very unique characteristics that make it responsible for being the kind of bacteria that it is. It is a gram-negative bacteria that occurs in coccobacillus form. It is a non-motile bacteria that is commonly found in water, mud, and decaying animal carcasses. (Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, 2013). Because of these characteristics, F. tularensis is able to live in these conditions for weeks (UPMC Center for Health Security, 2013). For all of these reasons, this microorganism can be potentially harmful to humans.
The purpose of this laboratory is to learn about cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics that are used in identifying bacterial isolates. Besides identifying the unknown culture, students also gain an understanding of the process of identification and the techniques and theory behind the process. Experiments such as gram stain, negative stain, endospore and other important tests in identifying unknown bacteria are performed. Various chemical tests were done and the results were carefully determined to identify the unknown bacteria. First session of lab started of by the selection of an unknown bacterium then inoculations of 2 tryptic soy gar (TSA) slants, 1 nutrient broth (TSB), 1 nutrient gelatin deep, 1 motility
The main purpose of this experiment is to examine the results of wild-type mutant crosses which influence the arrangements of ascospores in asci in the fungus Sordaria fimicola. These resulting arrangements help calculate the map distance between the centromere and spore color genes in Sordaria. My hypothesis was that due to so many group observations accounted in, the data will be underestimated and the results will not fit into the chi square table. A sample from Petri dish with both mutant stock cultures is observed after a week. The ascospores must appear in MII pattern 2:2:2:2 or 2:4:2 arrangements in order for the crossing-over to occur. Next, based on the data collected, the class calculated the map distance. If the map distance does not fit the value obtained by the researchers from the many successful experiment attempted, then the experiment had errors. And due to this, the class experiment cannot accept the null hypothesis according to the chi square test. However, our class experiment accepted the null hypothesis and so it was a success.
Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis to Determine Genotype. In certain situations, it is necessary to identify DNA retrieved from a sample. When there is a small sample in need of identification, Polymerase Chain Reactions are used to multiply the DNA. in the sample in many identical samples.
...s in the cells within humans (multicellular organisms) switching from aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration. This causes less energy to be produced per molecule of glucose (Baskin, S. I. et al. 2014), (“Environmental”. N.D.) (Allison, L. A. et al. 2014). The less produced energy causes cells to die from lack of energy, and once enough cells die, the multicellular organisms (humans) die.
All living organisms require energy. In order to obtain energy, cells within the organisms must go through the processes of cellular respiration and/or fermentation. The way in which “oxidation of glucose leads to ATP production” is emphasized in cellular respiration (Freeman et al., 2014).
Fermentation is a form of chemical transformation of organic substances that breaks down simple compounds by exploiting the enzymes with compl...
When one thinks of bacteria, what comes to mind? Bacteria are single celled organisms whose main objective in life is to gather nutrient and reproduce asexually. They just grow and divide. Humans have very interesting interactions with bacteria. In our bodies we have one trillion cells that make us who we are. Outside and inside our bodies, we have 10 trillion bacterial cells that help us (dietary functions like making vitamins, creating a barrier against foreign/bad bacteria, helping our immune system, etc.). In terms of DNA, we have 30,000 genes. Bacteria in and on our bodies have about 300,000 genes. So really, we are more bacterial than human, proportionately speaking. Bonnie Bassler and her team worked to figure out just how these small organisms communicate with each other, and what they found is actually quite interesting.
Bacterial cells, like plant cells, are surrounded by a cell wall. However, bacterial cell walls are made up of polysaccharide chains linked to amino acids, while plant cell walls are made up of cellulose, which contains no amino acids. Many bacteria secrete a slimy capsule around the outside of the cell wall. The capsule provides additional protection for the cell. Many of the bacteria that cause diseases in animals are surrounded by a capsule. The capsule prevents the white blood cells and antibodies from destroying the invading bacterium. Inside the capsule and the cell wall is the cell membrane. In aerobic bacteria, the reactions of cellular respiration take place on fingerlike infoldings of the cell membrane. Ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, and the DNA is generally found in the center of the cell. Many bacilli and spirilla have flagella, which are used for locomotion in water. A few types of bacteria that lack flagella move by gliding on a surface. However, the mechanism of this gliding motion is unknown. Most bacteria are aerobic, they require free oxygen to carry on cellular respiration. Some bacteria, called facultatibe anaerobes can live in either the presence or absence of free oxygen. They obtain energy either by aerobic respiration when oxygen is present or by fermentation when oxygen is absent. Still other bacteria cannot live in the presence of oxygen. These are called obligate anaerobes. Such bacteria obtain energy only fermentation. Through fermentation, different groups of bacteria produce a wide variety of organic compounds. Besides ethyl alcohol and lactic acid, bacterial fermentation can produce acetic acid, acetone, butyl alcohol, glycol, butyric acid, propionic acid, and methane, the main component of natural gas. Most bacteria are heterotrophic bacteria are either saprophytes or parasites. Saprophytes feed on the remains of dead plants and animals, and ordinarily do not cause disease. They release digestive enzymes onto the organic matter. The enzymes breakdown the large food molecules into smaller molecules, which are absorbed by the bacterial cells. Parasites live on or in living organisms, and may cause disease. A few types of bacteria are Autotrophic, they can synthesize the organic nutrients they require from inorganic substances. Autotrophic bacteria are either photosynthetic or Chemosynthetic. The photosynthetic bacteria contain chlorophyll that are different from the plant chlorophyll. In bacterial photosynthesis, hydrogen is obtained by the splitting of compounds other than water.
Exposure to antimicrobials fundamentally alters microbial ecosystems of humans, animals and the environment, which may lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance.
Environmental pollution produces bacteria which results as diseases and disorders in humans, animals, agricultural plantations. The process of pollution occurs when toxins are released into the ground water from landfill sites, this pollution stays in the environment for hundreds of years, while they break dow...
Oxygen (O) is one of the most important ions present in the body, making up 61% of the body’s mass. It aids in the destruction of harmful bacteria, while preserving the bacteria that is beneficial for the body. Oxygen takes on its role, and transfers the bacteria absorbed into the lungs, to the cells, allowing for cell respiration. Oxygen allows for the replacement of old cells, protection of the new ones, production of energy from the food, and decomposition of other foods (“Oxygen and Human Body,” n.d.). Oxygen is also vital to produce an activity known as metabolism, which is ‘the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is ...