ASSESSMENT OF KIGALI CITY STONE ROADS DRAINAGE SYSTEM CASE STUDY: NYARUGENGE ROAD NETWORK. 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction RWANDA, one of African developing countries, is striving at improving its institutions including infrastructures. In this case, it has started to plan, design and construct roads either in urban and rural areas. Roads are constructed with different materials such as asphalt concrete, cement concrete, stones as well as laterite in rural areas, rarely in urban areas where almost all roads are paved, even small streets. Stone roads are found in many streets as they are used for tertiary road category. Stone roads are roads whose roadway pavements are made of stones. Stone roads are primarily used where durability …show more content…
In stone roads, these parameters affect the durability, traffic safety, appearance, etc. of stone roads. Each of them has its own way to impact the road drainage which is the sole reason for most of the pavement failures. This must be understood as it is stated by an often-repeated adage in the road construction and maintenance business that “The three most important things to understand in building and maintaining roads are drainage, drainage, and drainage!” () For better achievement and satisfaction of its prevention, there are basic requirements and criteria that should be fulfilled. Those requirements are grouped in: design requirement and material requirement. Design requirements are road category, carriageway width, shoulders width, carriage cross fall, shoulders cross fall, Embankment slope, design speed, maximum super elevation, longitudinal gradient, Average Daily Traffic (ADT).Material requirements are sand properties like its grain size distribution, stones which should not be neither weathered nor cracked with strength greater than 30MPa(Samer,2001).These factors are going to be assessed to check what make the stone roads failure because of the problems that have been appeared on them. These problems …show more content…
Significance and Rationale 6.1Personal Significance The research allows researchers to evaluate and make a better choice in selecting the location of stone roads projects and help in proper design of drainage systems according to climatic conditions. 6.2 Public and administrative Significance This project will give an overview, to KIGALI City, on the performance of stone roads respective to their drainage systems. This will allow them to find out how to improve them and increase their use in various areas of the country. Their increased use will decrease the need for asphalt pavement which is highly cost effective and hazardous to the environment during their pavement material disposal when rehabilitated or reconstructed. This project may also be considered as reference document or a guide for new road stone projects. 6.3 Academic significance For an urgent need in information about stone road drainage system requirements, students may use this as a reference too. 6.4 Rationale This research will show crucial stone road drainage system limitations and solutions which should provide to the country basic requirements to plan for them. 7.
Gage Park is number sixty-three of seventy-seven neighborhoods that make up the city of Chicago. According to the Chicago Park District (2014), the Gage Park area received its name in honor of Commissioner George Gage who was a respected prominent business man and attorney in the late 1870’s. Located on the southwest side of Chicago; Gage Park is a community that is known for its cultural history and diversity over the years. Many different races have lived in this community from the time it was developed, and this trend continues to evolve. As mentioned in the Encyclopedia of Chicago (2005), the Germans first settled in Gage Park in mid-1800s. Later in the 1920’s, the area became populated with the Polish population who migrated for employment.
There are several types of porous pavements, namely porous asphalt, porous concrete, and numerous modular paver systems. Both a construction material and a design technique, systems may be used individually or enhanced through a combination of types. Porous asphalt consists of an open-graded coarse aggregate bonded together by asphalt cement. The mixture contains fewer fines than traditional asphalt and sufficient void space between aggregate particles allows water to drain through quickly. Porous concrete also consists of an open-graded coarse aggregate, formulated with Portland cement and water. Modular porous pavers are structural units, such as concrete blocks or reinforced plastic mats, with void areas that are filled with pervious materials, to achieve a load-bearing permeable surface. The pervious fill materials include sand, grass turf, and gravel.
The transport facilities in Mongolia are poor. Most of the areas in the 1.56-sq-km land do not have metal-based roads. The terrain towards the northern parts of the country is majorly mountainous while the south is mainl...
Pavement-management systems (PMS) can work effectively only when they are constructed by organically combining all activities concerned with road pavement (planning, design, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, evaluation, economic analysis, and research) and the data bank [1]. Then, the most important items are the establishment of a serviceability index, which represents pavement quality, and a prediction of performance, which is represented by the relation between time (and/or traffic) and the index. Pavement quality consists of two primary factors: riding quality and skid resistance. The factors influencing riding quality are pavement distress and/or roughness. Three major factors of pavement distress are cracking, rutting, and longitudinal profile [2].
Presently the road project is receiving inadequate maintenance and is deteriorating over time. For simplification of economic evaluation of the project, ’ Without Project ‘ situation is assumed to be the situation where quality of service provided by the road is maintained at its present level by sustaining the condition of the road surface at its current level. Any further deterioration is controlled by maintenance activities aimed at sustaining the present situation. The level of expenditure on maintenance activities in order to ensure the situation is defined as ‘holding maintenance’ cost. The holding maintenance cost is assumed to include routine and recurrent maintenance
Though potholes are big problem for Bend, especially in the winter, but the diligence of Bends city road crews, and the help of responsible drivers to report potential problems the continual fight against potholes can be alleviated and problems minimize, it's a constant battle but one that can be
In fact, the main street of Rome, Via Sacra, had as much pedestrian, cart, and carriage traffic as modern-day Manhattan at about seven in the morning. The main city roads were paved, and the city and suburbs were rubbled. Some were properly lined with sand (generally countryside), gravel and mud, while a few others were corduroy roads. Corduroy roads were fabricated mostly on swampy and marshy land, with a log of timber and scarce sand covering. Vigorously-constructed and well-maintained roads connected all the major cities of the Roman empire to Rome. Roads are a crucial contribution to economic development and growth, transportation, and bring important social benefits. As a result, we are able to meet up and see our friends in
They constructed a network of durable, paved highways and city streets; in fact, most everything had concrete walls and pavement.
This report is prepared to analyse and discuss in regards with the selected Planning Application from the selected Local Authority. The aim of this report are to summarise the main issues in the agenda, analyse the process involved in decision making process with evidence from relevant planning policies and review the discussion of committee during the Planning and Development meeting. Furthermore this report will identify a proposed alternative use(s) or other development form. The means to support the proposed alternative development are by giving a suitable proposed development in accordance with relevant planning policies and by observing the surrounding site area from site visit.
Within the past decade, the Tiger-Stone was created by a Dutch inventor, Henk van Kuijk. This simple machine basically “prints” brick roads that can stretch for miles. The hand-fed paving machine, nearly 20 feet (6 meters) wide at its largest size, uses gravity to slide the bricks in place on the road while maintaining the desired pattern and width of the road (Shenky, 2012). The Tiger-Stone rides on a set of crawler tracks placed towards its center, under the machine, and has a platform for the workers to feed the bricks through the machine on the metal slide. Through its efficient and quick process, the Tiger-Stone has expedited the construction of paving brick roads, walkways, garden paths, and sidewalks. Laying bricks can be back-breaking ...
Ordinary Portland cement available in local market of standard brand was used in the investigation. Care has been taken to see that the procurement made from a single batch and is stored in airtight containers to prevent it is being affected by atmospheric, monsoon moisture and humidity. The Cement is tested for its various proportions as per IS 4031-1988. The specific gravity was 3.10 and fineness was 3200 m2/Kg. The details are given in Table 4.1.1. The cement confirms to 53 Grade.
One primary audience member is Mr. Michael Carmichael, a storm water management and maintenance inspector within the campus facilities management office. Mr. Carmichael has the responsibility of inspecting and evaluating the state of storm water management practices that are in use on campus. It is important to address Mr. Carmichael because he will have the experience needed to identify how drainage problems being presented should be addressed. He will be able to understand the urgency behind the storm water drainage problems presented in this proposal and will also have the influence necessary to speak to others within the Facilities Management department in order to put them into action. Due to his experience, it is likely best to use technical terms when describing the problems with the sites on campus and how I plan to address them. I will also need to demonstrate that I understand the full range of effects that each of my ideas can have on the entire campus environment.
Mother Nature always comes with surprises, and although weather is forecasted, one can never prevent disasters from happening. Floods in the Midwest for example, have delayed the planting of many crops and destroyed them as well. The rise in environmental problems such as agricultural flooding has a catastrophic impact of great concern to farmers so tile drainage has been suggested to more or less improve the problem. Flooding in the Midwest is expected to increase in the upcoming future, therefore farmers should try to find the solution before it’s too late and they start losing more agriculture. Installing tile drainage systems on farming land isn’t a bad idea at all considering that the investment pays off in the end because it prepares the land for earlier planting and harvesting, and not only that, but companies use modern equipment in order to be accurate on the installation of this great system which helps improve the farmlands and helps get rid of most of the destruction of crops.
Prior to there is any opinion of design methodology, it must be unequivocal that the selection of those roads that will advantage from the pavement preservation technique vested with chip sealing is the first and most elemental step in the design method. Chip seals are not meant to develop the structural competence of the pavement section. The formula for chip seal success is articulate framed by the following extract:
A roadway is route or the way which is used to connect two places on the land. They have been paved on land surface for improved comfort for travelling. Roads consists of one or two ways which are used for to and fro motion of vehicles. Each way may consists of carriage way, bicycle ways etc. Roads that are used by the public people are known as highways. The highways are used to connect different cities or important places. Private ways are used by the private