Experimental Plant Material:
The healthy plant of Stevia rebaudiana for micropropagation has been selected from the garden of Integrated Biotechnological Research Institute, Lucknow. The aseptic conditions were maintained following suitable sterilization methods.
Sterilization and Disinfection:
Since we have known so far about the ways of sterilization,here is a review about sterilization and techniques involved for plant sterilization.Sterilization is the process where all the living microbes, including bacterial spores are killed. Sterilization can be achieved by physical, chemical & physiochemical means. Chemicals used as sterilizing agents are known as chemisterilants. Disinfection is the process of removal of most pathogenic microorganisms (excluding bacterial spores) on inanimate objects. Disinfection can be achieved through physical or chemical methods. Chemicals used in disinfection are known as disinfectants. Various disinfectants have different target ranges, not all disinfectants can kill all microorganisms. Some process of disinfection such as filtration do not kill bacteria, they separate them out. Sterilization is an absolute condition while disinfection is not. The two are not same terms. Decontamination is the method of removal of contaminating pathogenic microorganisms from the articles by a process of sterilization or disinfection. It is the use of chemical or physical means to, inactivate,remove or destroy living organisms on a surface so that the organisms are no longer infectious. Sanitization is the process of mechanical or chemical cleansing, applicable in public health systems. Usually used by the food industry & it reduces microbes on eating utensils to safe, acceptable levels for public health. Aseps...
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(2)Incubate the cultures in dark at 25oC. Callus will be produced in 3-4 weeks.
(3) Compare the callus induction growth from various explants.
(4) Cut small pieces of callus (0.5 gm) fresh weight and subculture on the same fresh medium for proliferation.
Culture medium and culture condition for shoot multiplication
MS media composition, sucrose (30 g/l) and bacteriological grade agar-agar (8 g/l) were used throughout the study. For shoot induction, growth regulators, BA alone or in combination with IAA, were added to the MS basal medium. For root induction, strength MS basal medium supplemented with either IAA or IBA and the pH was adjusted 5.8. All the cultures were incubated in a culture room maintained at 25°C under 16 h/8 h light/dark cycle, 45 µmol m-2 s-irradiance level provided by cool white fluorescent tubes and with 55 - 60% relative humidity.[6]
“There is currently considerable interest [in North America - SG] in developing English plantain as a pasture plant for grazing livestock as part of an effort to reduce the use of antibiotics as growth promoters and replace them with medicinal herbs or their active principles”
Sterile compounding is the preparation of products that should be free from all viable forms of life. There are more stringent requirements for sterile compounding than there are for non-sterile compounding. Staff must be trained and tested on their aseptic processing abilities, cleaner aseptic facilities are required, the quality of air entering the aseptic facility must be evaluated and maintained, sterilisation processes must be effective, knowledge of solution stability is needed and sterility testing of the products is required. The most common type of compounded sterile preparations (CSP) used clinically are aqueous injections. These CSPs require greater attention when being prepared as they pose the greatest risk to the patient if they are non-sterile or contain the wrong ingredients and/or wrong concentrations of ingredients if they are given intravenously. The main objective of sterile compounding is to prevent both morbidity and mortality of patients, which can be caused by non-sterility of preparations, high bacterial endotoxin content and errors associated with ingredients of the preparation, as mentioned earlier.
Disinfection is applied in water as well as wastewater treatment as a finishing step so as to destroy pathogens but the cause of concern regarding the disinfection process is the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Natural organic matter (NOM) in water has been considered as the predominant DBP precursors. Disinfectants are powerful oxidants that oxidize the organic matter present in water forming DBPs. Chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines are the most common disinfectants used nowadays and each produces its own suite of chemical DBPs in finished drinking water (Richardson, 2003). DBPs so formed pose a threat to human health because of their potential to cause cancer and reproductive/developmental effects. Most developed nations have regulated concentration of DBPs so as to minimize exposure to potentially harmful DBPs while maintaining adequate disinfection and control of targeted
been constrained (Watanabe et al. 2005). The primary purpose of current red snapper culture is
The Brassica rapa plants were bred to live in the colder states of America, such as Michigan and Wisconsin. Up there they have very few times it is actually warm enough for plant growth. So to take advantage of those few short moments, Dr. Williams bred a ...
Next the cores were placed underneath of a dissection microscope and the distance between each ring (mm) on each core was measured. The growth rates of each sample were then recorded for each sample. The summation of each consecutive measurement was recorded to construct graphs displaying the mean average growth rates for each species at each site. The following equation was used to determine growth
Smith, A.M., Coupland, G., Dolan, L., Harberd, N., Jones, J., Martin, C., Sablowski, R. and Amey, A., 2010. Plant biology. New York: Garland Science; Taylor & Francis distributor.
Steam sterilisation is the process where “dry saturated steam comes into contact with a cooler surface, that causes water condensation and immediate release of the latent heat” (Rohanizadeh, 2016). This process was carried out in an autoclave and is the preferred method of sterilisation as the ampoules are sealed and made from glass. Being sealed causes a high amount of pressure to build up inside the ampoule, though in an autoclave they will not burst due to the high pressure in the autoclave equalizing and compensating for the high pressure in the ampoule. If a dry heat method of sterilisation was used, e.g. an oven, the ampoules would burst due to evaporation of the solution occurring, and no compensation or equalised pressure availability, like we see in the autoclave.
Two members of the group were instructed to visit the laboratory each day of the experiment to water and measure the plants (Handout 1). The measurements that were preformed were to be precise and accurate by the group by organizing a standardized way to measure the plants. The plants were measured from the level of the soil, which was flat throughout all the cups, to the tip of the apical meristems. The leaves were not considered. The watering of the plants took place nearly everyday, except for the times the lab was closed. Respective of cup label, the appropriate drop of solution was added to the plant, at the very tip of the apical meristems.
Activities: Classroom Activities in Plant Biotechnology. The American Phytopathological Society, n.d. Web. 5 April, 2014.
The “Fast Plant” experiment is an observation of a plants growth over the span of twenty-eight days. The objective is to observe how plants grow and use their resources throughout the span of their life. In our lab we observed the Brassica rapa, a herbaceous plant in the mustard family which has a short cycle which makes it a perfect plant to observe in this experiment. Like other plants the Brassica rapa must use the resources in the environment to create energy to complete itʻs life cycle and reproduce. By observing the plant it is easy to see in what organ or function the plant is using itʻs energy and resources and if overtime the resources switch to other part of the plants. By conducting this experiment we are able to observe where and how plants allocate their resources throughout their life by harvesting plants at different points in their life.
The bacteria and wastewater is mixed in an aeration tank and therefore the contaminants are removed by action of sorption and series of breakdown by the bacteria.
As long as the hand sanitizer contains at least 60 percent alcohol and is used correctly, then it does not matter which form of hand sanitizer is used. Hand sanitizers kill most, but not all of the bacteria and viruses on contact, but it does not work well when there is grime from cooking or gardening because the grime makes a barrier.
Bangus raising will generally take approximately four (4) months in order to be viable in the market for sale. Aside from the four-month raising period, the fishpond must be grown with algae that will serve as natural food for the bangus being raised. In connection with this, several types of fertilizers are needed to assists the growth of these algae. The table below will show the fertilizers that will be used along with its required volume and estimated prices provided by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources – Cagayan de Oro City Chapter.
Asexual propagation is the process through which reproduction without passage through the seed cycle occurs. The advantages of asexual propagation are that it preserves genetic makeup, propagates seedless plants, disease control, rapid production, the plants are identical, cheaper, faster and easier reducing or avoiding juvenility. The disadvantages of asexual propagation are that it increases disease and insect susceptibility, plants are bulky, and the mother plants could become contaminated. The goal of this experiment was to determine the development of adventitious roots and shoots, and observe these plants over a period of five weeks. Due to auxin being produced in the tip, tip cuttings should root faster than any other cuttings. Auxin is a plant hormone that is responsible for cell elongation and enlargement, root formation, and growth. There are two forms of auxins; phototropism, which is produced in the tip and moves downward on the side away from the light and gravitropism, which is where plant roots grow downward and plant shoots grow upward.(Plant Auxin 201...