Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one, excluding the sender and deliberated recipient, suspects the message existence , a form of security through obscurity. Steganography techniques can be utilized to images, a video file or an audio file. Typically, steganography is written in characters including hash marking, but its usage within images is also usual. At any rate, steganography secures from pirating copyrighted materials as well as aiding in unauthorized viewing. In this paper, performance analysis of image steganography based on 2 level and 4 level DWT associated to colored images is done. Performance analysis of steganography is done for selecting better wavelet for application by analyzing Peak Signal Noise Ratio(PSNR) of different wavelet families like Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse Biorthogonal & Meyer wavelet(dmey) on result oriented basis using Matlab environment..
Keywords
Steganography, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse Biorthogonal , Meyer(dmey) , PSNR & MSE
1. Introduction
Steganography is ‘‘covered writing’’. Steganography is the hiding of a secret message within an ordinary message and the extraction of it at its target. Steganography takes cryptography a step farther by hiding an encrypted message so that no one guess it exists. Ideally, anyone scanning your data will fail to know it contains encrypted data.
Ms.Suvarna Patil, Information Technology, RGPV University, Bhopal, India, e-mail: patilsuvarna555@gmail.com
Mr.Gajendra Singh Chandel, Information Technology, RGPV University, Bhopal, India, e-mail: hodcsit.sssist@yahoo.com
Mr.Ravindra Gupta, Information Technology, RGPV University, Bhopal, India, e-mail-
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... Wavelet transform). In this paper we using two technique of 2-level and 4-level discrete wavelet transform for hiding images has been proposed and implemented. This is done in MATLAB using simulink. Different wavelets analysed here are Haar,
Biorthogonal, Reverse Biorthogonal, Daubechies,and Meyer(dmey).Results provide a good reference for application developers to choose a good wavelet compression system for their application, with this result we conclude that 4-level Haar DWT has better PSNR as compared to 2-level Haar DWT and also provide best quality of image.
In Future we modified embedding & extraction formula for hiding audio data in cover image by using 2 level & 3 level wavelet decomposition of 3D-DWT which can be considered as a combination of three 1D DWT in the x, y and z directions and shows better performance in terms of both capacity and security.
Murphy, S.D. 2004. “Steganography--the New Intelligence Threat.” Marine Corps War College, Marine Corps University, Marine Corps Combat Development Command. Quantico: VA. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA520517 (accessed November 31, 3013).
Surveillance is the monitoring of behaviour. In addition, surveillance system is the process of monitoring the behaviour of people, objects or processes within systems for conformity to expected or desired norms in trusted systems for security control (Cohen and Medioni, 1999). Video surveillance systems have existed 25 years ago whereby it started with 100% analogue system and gradually becoming digital system. The closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera is the most popular video surveillance because of its reliability and low price. The camera does not broadcast images but it records them, so that user can always check to see what occurred while they were away. It is widely used at public spaces and residences for security purposes.
The first recorded use of steganography dates back to the early Greeks and the ruler, Demaratus. As king of Sparta, Demaratus ruled from 515 to 491 B.C. At this time, it was common to write on waxed tablets. To communicate a warning of an impending attack on Greece by the Persian ruler Xerxes, Demaratus scraped the wax off of a wooden tablet, inscribed a message, and then covered the tablet in wax once again. In this way, the tablets carried secret information to the intended recipient without arousing suspicion. Other times of conflict are rich with examples of steganography. The Underground Railroad used quilt patterns to direct slaves on their journey northward, cryptographic writing was used numerous times in both World War I and II, and
Splicing detection is a complex problem whereby the composite regions are investigated by a variety of methods. The presence of abrupt changes between different regions that are combined and their backgrounds, provide valuable traces to detect splicing in the image under consideration. Farid [56] suggested a method based on bi-spectral analysis to detect introduction of un-natural higher-order correlations into the signal by the forgery process and is successfully implemented for detecting human-speech splicing. Ng and Chang [57] suggested an image-splicing detection method based on the use of bi-coherence magnitude features and phase features. Detection accuracy of 70% was obtained. Same authors later developed a model for detection of discontinuity caused by abrupt splicing using bi-coherence [58]. Fu et al. [59] proposed a method that implemented use of Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) to obtain features for classification. Statistical natural image model defined by moments of characteristic functions was used to differentiate the spliced images from the original images. Chen et al. [60] proposed a method that obtains image features from moments of wavelet characteristic and 2-D phase congruency which is a sensitive m...
Technique of protecting information by changing in to other format is nothing but Cryptography, this technique is called Cipher text. This process involve a secret key through which readable message is totally converted into unreadable message, in order to decrypt the unreadable message secrete key is must. Generally this is used is communication, don’t know if communication breaks in middle the message which is private may go leak, so, to protect private data transfer cryptography is must. At the receiver end using the same key the receiver gets the actual message. This is must in almost all businesses, especially in banks, export import business and so on. Encrypted messages sometimes broken which is called code breaking using cryptanalysis. The strength of encryption is totally relays on how strong the secret key is. As there is only one mode of communication through internet and many were accessing internet may be possibilities of having breaking of codes, so, encryption must be strong. Encryption is of two types based of the type of secret key whether public or private.
An onion is a data structure that is formed by wrapping a plaintext message with successive layers of encryption, such that each layer can be unwrapped or decrypted like the layers of an onion. The plaintext message is only viewable by the sender, exit node, recipient. This can be extended to end to end encryption so that the last intermediary cannot also view the message.
The word steganography comes from the Greek name “steganos” which means hidden or secret, and the word graphy, which means writing or drawing. Put them together, and it literally translates to mean “hidden writing” (Richer, 2010). According to Dictionary.com, steganography is “the art of writing in cipher, or in characters, which are not intelligible except to persons who have the key; cryptography.” In the modern use of the word, steganography means the practice of hiding messages within larger messages so that others cannot detect what the message contains, or even that the message is there. It replaces redundant bits in images or other media with secret information from the hidden message. The redundant bits are used because they can be changed without making a noticeable change in the image or sound file.
Data encryption refers to the process of transforming electronic information into a scrambled form that can only be read by someone who knows how to translate the code. In nowadays business world, it’s the easiest and most practical way to secure the information that we stored and processed, and it’s significant for our sensitive information. For example, as electronic commerce is popular now, the vendors and retailers must protect the customers’ personal information from hackers or competitors. They also have many business files or contracts that need to be strictly protected. Without data encryption, these important information may fall into wrong hands and be misused by others. Besides, data encryption may be used to secure sensitive information that exists on company networks, or create digital signatures, and help to authorize in business. No one should underestimate the importance of encryption. A little mistake in encryption may make sensitive information revealing, or even result in illegal and criminal accuse.
Hackers and terrorists have been using this form of technology for years. The United States governmental officials had suspected an attack on the United States for a period of time and thought the information to be hidden using steganography. Anyone can use and get access to steganographic materials. It's easy to download on numerous sights and no software is required. It's an easy and cheap way to keep information secure and undetectable. The number of steganography sites has doubled in the past two years (Kolata, F4). The United States government is also trying to place restrictions on encryption methods to prevent another catastrophic attack in the world such as the World Trade Center attacks. By having access to a private key the government would have unlimited access to secure information and crack codes all for safety reasons (USA Today). A " private key" is needed to decode any steganographic messages. Images are made up from a combination of an abundant of pixels (tiny dots).
Data encryption refers to the transformation of data into a structure that makes it unreadable by anyone without a secret decryption key. It ensures that messages can be read only by the planned recipient. Encryption is the procedure of obscuring information to create it unreadable without special information. Only organizations and individuals with an abnormal need for secrecy have actually made good use of it. Nowadays, encryption is one of the most important technologies for maintaining your privacy and the security of important information. This helps out greatly especially when E-Commerce is being used.
...ssage should be retrieved at the output side.It should be designed in such a way that user should be able to understand it easily . Compared to existing systems the performance of our proposed algorithm should be better i.e it should be robust, the capacity of message that could be hided in the image should be more and no one should be able to find any difference in the stego image and the original image
Academic dishonesty, specifically cheating and plagiarism, recently has increased in popularity. Students often justify unethical academic behavior. Technological innovations, like the cellular telephone, have provided students with new methods of cheating. Plagiarism has also been influenced through technologies, specifically internet companies have emerged that provide unethical solutions to academic assignments.
The internet allows people to communicate sensitive information, and if received in the wrong hands can cause many problems for that person. Cryptography is the study or science of techniques of secret writing and message hiding. Cryptography constitutes any method in which someone attempts to hide a message, or the meaning, in some medium. One specific element of cryptography is encryption, which hides the data or information by transforming it into undecipherable code. Encryption uses a specified key to perform the data transformation.
As a part of under graduating course I presented my major project on JPEG Encoding and Decoding using MATLAB technology, which included going from a basic grayscale bitmap image all the way to a fully encoded file readable by standard image readers.
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including: