Heater and Steam exchanger
Heaters and steam exchangers are used to raise the temperature of well effluent for a number of reasons :
a) Hydrate prevention:
Water is often produced from a well in varying quantities and is often unavoidable and an inevitable consequence of production. Natural gases also contain a proportion of water vapor. Under certain choked flow conditions, the change of conditions across a choke is sufficient to lower the temperature such that the free water and light hydrocarbons in the natural gas become solid. Natural gas hydrates have the appearance of hard snow and they are formed above the normal freezing point of water. Certain gases, particularly H2S and CO2 promote the problem. Hydrates can become a serious problem by causing valves and flow meters to become inoperative and chokes to plug. A heater may alleviate this problem.
b) Viscosity reduction:
If an effluent has a high viscosity, the ease with which it will flow through a pipe is impaired.
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Equipment to be maintained as per the Steam heat exchanger maintenance manual are the following :
1. Gate valves
2. Adjustable choke
3. Safety relief valve
4. Fisher control valve
5. Temperature controller system (Steam-Exchanger)
The controller continuously monitors the difference between the effluent temperature leaving the steam heat exchanger temperature and its set point. It produces an air signal that is a function of this difference which is transmitted to a control valve. This control valve regulates the steam intake.
6. Steam trap (Steam-Exchanger)
The steam trap (automatic bleeder) has two main functions : - To maintain the steam pressure inside the body of the steam heat exchanger in order to give the corresponding temperature - To eliminate water (condensed steam) from the vessel without letting steam
purpose we use this for is to drill wells into so that we may obtain the water that
Once the gas is found, it flows up through the well to the surface of the ground and into large
MAINTENANCE: Keep our station and boats running and looking great. Preventative maintenance, material condition, and house-keeping are the responsibilities of everyone.
A side method within desalination is cogeneration. Cogeneration is a process known to use excess heat from electricity generation for another task. In this case desalination plants use this for the production of potable water from seawater or brackish groundwater in an integrated, or "dual-purpose", facility where a power plant provides the energy for desalination. The facility's energy production may be set aside for t...
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. An example of this being the comparison between honey and water; flowing honey through a pipe is a slower process then repeating the same process with water this indicates honey has a higher viscosity level compared with water. Viscous properties tend to steady and organise the flow of a fluid however excessive fluid inertia tends to unsettle flow leading to more disordered turbulent behaviour. Kinematic viscosity is a dimensionless number measuring the ratio of absolute viscosity to density.
Viscosity is the tendency of a fluid to resist flow and can be thought of as the internal friction of a fluid. Microscopically, viscosity is related to molecular diffusion and depends on the interactions between molecules or, in complex fluids, larger-scale flow units. The opposite of the viscosity is the fluidity which measures the mobility for fluid layers (Secco et al, 2013). Viscosity is affected by the temperature and composition of the fluid and, for compressible fluid, also by pressure (Serway et al, 2012).
It is also possible that the flow of water in the pipe may not have been completely laminar, and therefore the possibility exists that some turbulent flow may have occurred. This would have resulted in a slower rate of flow, as in turbulent flow, the molecules flow in different directions and at different speeds.
The variable in regards to using a Bunsen burner and thermometer bath enables a higher control over the temperature of the water as the temperature can be monitored and increased/decreased easily.
For the generation of electricity, hot water, at temperatures ranging from about 700 degrees F, is brought from the underground reservoir to the surface through production wells, and is flashed to steam in special vessels by release of pressure. The steam is separated from the liquid and fed to a turbine engine, which turns a generator. In turn, the generator produces electricity. Spent geothermal fluid is injected back into peripheral parts of the reservoir to help maintain reservoir pressure. If the reservoir is to be used for direct-heat application, the geothermal water is usually fed to a heat exchanger before being injected back into the earth. Heated domestic water from the output side of the heat exchanger is used for home heating, greenhouse heating, vegetable drying and a wide variety of other uses.
Fogging systems are normally run at 1000 to 3000 psi pressures and are distinctly more cost effective compared to theconventional cooling systems. Fogging systems are used in a mine site as one example of their usage to enhance the safet...
In process industries control refers to the regulation of all aspects of the process. Precise control of temperature, pressure, level and flow is important in many process applications.
The purpose of this report is showing how to apply the control process in the
Cold Sink – In its simplest form, a cold sink is a device used to vent waste steam into the environment, or to redirect steam to into the engine for reuse (Lardner, 1840).
Another system is called the spray dry system. A slurry of alkali is njected into the flue gases. The heat in the flue gases causes water to evaporate. The sulfur dioxide reacts with the drying alkali solution to form a solidi reaction product. There is no waste water from this process.
cause a greater amount of evaporation from lakes, rivers, and oceans. In some areas this could be