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Pharmacology of statins- pharmacology research
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QUESTION: What is the current data on statins causing or preventing dementia?
OBJECTIVE: To determine if dementia can be caused or prevented by the use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: Pravastatin, Lovastatin, Simvastatin, Rosuvastatin, and Atorvastatin.
RETRIEVAL OF SOURCES: The journal articles and publications used in this review were searched using PubMed and Google scholar as well as the FDA references cited in the warning regarding cognitive impairment on the FDA website. Key search words used include: statins, dementia, cognitive function, HMG-coA reductase inhibitors, impaired memory.
STUDY SELECTION:
• Statins Prevent Dementia4-11 o 8 prospective cohort studies- Meta Analysis o 2003-2009 o All 8 studies with RR 95% CI for statins and dementia
• Statins Cause Dementia13,14 o 60 case reports o 1 case report o 1997-2002
DATA CONCLUSION:
• Cause Dementia: A look at the FDA references cited in the warning that statins could cause cognitive impairment showed: o The rate for cognitive adverse events with statins was low and this low rate was similar to the rates with other similarly therapeutic class medications.
• Prevent Dementia: Other journal articles and publications that showed a link between statin users and cognitive impairment suggested: o No increased evidence of Alzheimer disease as well as no difference in cognitive performance, processing speed, or memory.
CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION: Since the Food and Drug Administration based their warning on a few reports for “cognitive-related” adverse events with statins, as well as rare post-marketing reports of cognitive impairment, it is reasonable to recommend that statins still be used the same therapeutically as they always have. This recommendation is also based on the...
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...nal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2003; 23(7):871-880. doi: 10.1592/phco.23.7.871.32720.
14. Orsi A, Sherman O, Woldeselassie Z. Simvastatin-associated memory loss. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:767-9.
15. Haag MD, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Statins are associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer disease re-gardless of lipophilicity. The Rotterdam Study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009; 80:13-17.
16. Soloman et al. Statins and dementia prevention: A population-based study (FINRISK). Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2009; 5(4):2-104.
17. Steenland et al. Statins and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults with Normal Cognition or Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:1449–1455.
18. Hajjar et al. The Impact of the Use of Statins on the Prevalence of Dementia and the Progression of Cognitive Impairment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002 Jul;57(7):M414-8.
The sixth leading cause of death in the United States, Alzheimer’s disease afflicts approximately 5.2 million persons age 65 and over (Alzheimer's Association, 2012). Rapid growth of the older population as the Baby Boomer generation ages will cause unprecedented increases in the number of individuals with Alzheimer’s. It is estimated that by 2025 the number of Wisconsin residents with Alzheimer’s age 65 and older will increase by 30% to a projected total of 127,000 (Alzheimer's Association, 2012).
...is still research to be done, but for now it is up to the individual to decide if he or she is healthy enough to take these products safely or if it is even worth taking,given the long-term effects.
CAD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the worldwide. The prevalence of biological and metabolic risk factors were also found to be high in development of coronary artery disease. Patients with hypercholesterolemia are at increased risk to experience cardiovascular events and to die from vascular disease [2]. .Statins, among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide, are cholesterol let downing agents used to manage cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases and to treat hypercholesterolemia. Statin’s therapy ...
...s little information about the possible benefits of the study or the side effects. The side effects proved to be significant (gastrointestinal complains, headache, and an elevation of alanine aminotransferase), while the benefits were minimal. This situation emphasizes the need for a balanced approach when it comes to drug clinical trials.
Although Alzheimer’s disease appears to be the most common cause of dementia, “more than 50 conditions are associated with dementia, including degenerative ...
...sion of the disease. In addition, the risk factors and preventive measures are quite clear. These can help those who are unaware of what Alzheimer’s disease is or how it progresses. Future studies may prove to be beneficial in preventing the occurrence of Alzheimer’s, or at least the severity of its’ progression. Informing people of this disease, the risk factors, and preventive measures at a younger age, can only prove beneficial in the decrease or possible elimination of this physically and mentally altering disease. Living a healthy life now can only increase your chances of having a healthier life in old age.
CHARACTERISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DEMENTIA. (2002). In Encyclopedia of the Human Brain. Retrieved from https://hodges.idm.oclc.org/login?
Retinoids can be used as a therapy to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Vitamin A has an effect on many of the metabolic markers of Alzheimer’s disease. These include inflammation, oxidative stress, and amyloid β in the extracellular. Targeting the receptors for these processes may slow down or reverse Alzheimer’s disease.
Dementia is the progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of a disease or condition. Dementia can affect the person’s ability to carry out daily activities. For example, the person may forget where they live or they might think they have already done their activities but never did. Dementia can also cause the elderly to become incontinent and can’t control their urinary system. Many people get confused that dementia is a disease. Dementia is not a disease. However, it can lead to a disease or condition. Dementia is more common in the elderly population. It’s normal for people to forget things, but to a certain extent it becomes a critical issue. Depression also plays a role in the affects of dementia. Studies have been made to believe that the biological mechanisms for depression relating to dementia is, “interactions with vascular diseases, changes in glucocorticoid steroid levels that can result in hippocampal atrophy, accumulation of amyloid-[beta] plaques, inflammatory processes, and lack of nerve growth factors” (Heser et al., 2013). Dementia is caused because of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This can also be known as Alzheimer’s Disease. Dementia is the leading cause for Alzheimer’s Disease in the elderly. For all dementia cases, 60 to 80 percent of people with dementia will have Alzheimer’s Disease. The disease has 3 different stages, the early stage, the middle stage, and the late stage. Each of those stages has a variety of symptoms that affects the memory impairment of the person (Wieregna, Bondi, 2011). Also relating to dementia is Parkinson’s Disease and Huntington Disease. These diseases can result in impairment, which can cause challeng...
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most prevalent diseases in America and in the world at this point in time and the number of cases is only increasing. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s might include a decline in mental capacity, confusion, and forgetting how to do simple tasks. The disease in not limited to the older generation but is far more prevalent. There is no existing cure for Alzheimer’s and only a few medications that can mildly treat the disease but they vary from patient to patient and are not very affective. Many people are now trying to focus on preventing the disease in its early stages. Some ways in which people do this is by pairing a healthy diet with both cognitive and physical exercises.
Alzheimer's disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States(1). Alzheimer's has no cure or any way of preventing it from occurring. Life expectancy continues to grow due to improvements in medicine, and so Alzheimer's Disease will continue to be a problem in the elderly. Looking at figure 1(3), it shows that from the year 2000, cases of Alzheimer's disease are estimated to double by the year 2040, which is most likely due to the fact that medicine will continue to improve. Despite not knowing the causes of Alzheimer’s, there have been studies(2 and 7) showing that high cholesterol or high blood pressure can increase the risk...
...hed and streamlined to allow for earlier diagnosis. In the case of tertiary prevention, the pharmaceutical companies have a huge financial incentive to create a cure for Alzheimer’s but that is not enough. More government funded research should be dedicated towards finding methods to delay or cure Alzheimer’s disease. The baby boomer generation has already entered their 60’s. As people live longer, as a result of new treatments for common killers such as heart disease and cancer, the chances that they will succumb to Alzheimer’s increases. Failing to find preventative or curative measures will be costly. On a personal level, Alzheimer’s disease slowly attacks cognitive function-the higher thought processes; individuals degenerate into infantile dependents. The cost of caring for increasing numbers of such dependents will be a burden on both family and society.
Delirium, Depression, and Dementia are some of the most common psychological diagnoses in the elderly today. The three D’s are difficult to differentiate between in older adults because they overlap with each other and can all exist in the same patient at once. Delirium, Dementia, and Depression all affect the elderly’s quality of life and often increase the risks for one another (Downing, Caprio & Lyness, 2013). For the purpose of this paper I will be focusing primarily on the diagnosis of Dementia, the prevention, and nursing measures associated with it, but first I would like to differentiate between Delirium and Depression because Dementia is often associated with the two in the older adult population.
Introduction This assignment critically discusses dementia, a widespread disability among older adults today. It provides an introduction to dementia and analyses its prevalence in society. The various forms of dementia are elaborated with descriptions of dysfunctions and symptoms. Nursing Assessment and Interventions are provided in the further sections which discuss actions nurses should take while evaluating patients and treating them.
Kamphuis, P. H., & Scheltens, P. (2010). Can nutrients prevent or delay onset of alzheimer's disease?. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 20(3), 765-775. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091558