Squash and stretch – As recounted in the book, ‘The Illusion of Life’ by Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston in 1997, squash and stretch is the most important animation principle by a good deal. This principle is based on the understanding that only the stiff objects retain their shapes and the objects, both organic and inorganic that are not stiff tend to change their shape and size as they are in motion, however, they retain their volume. During this research a very interesting and clear example of how squash and stretch works in real life was found which can be seen by accessing the following link http://media3.giphy.com/media/7lz6nPd56aHh6/giphy.gif . One can clearly see how the body of the cheetah stretches and squeezes as he takes the strides.
According to Walt Disney (1958), the volume of the object or character should remain the same when it squashes or stretches.
Exaggeration - “There was some confusion among the animators when Walt first asked for more realism then criticised the result because it was not exaggerated enough.” - Thomas and Johnston (1997)
The above characters are from the film ‘Cloudy with a chance of meatballs’, and both are reflecting the same emotion. However, the female character gives a semi – realistic expression whereas the male character gives an exaggerated expression. This shows the audience which is the finnier character out of the two. Character designs of both the 3D models blend well and are cartoony, the difference is in their animation styles and exaggeration plays a big role in this shot.
Even an inorganic object like a box, which does not have eyes, lips, and nose to show emotions, will only be able to convey its feelings through extreme exaggeration, this is obviously an exa...
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...body parts like hands and legs are connect at a hinge which results in the 'end' part of the joint acting as a pendulum resulting in an arc. - Wood, R. (N.D.).
An example of arc
Timing and Spacing – “The number of drawings used in any move determines the amount of time that action will take on the screen”-Thomas and Johnston (1997)
Timing has always enthralled artists and scientists and they have come up with different theories, perspective and conclusions about time and space. However, one thing remains true about timing is that we all are affected by it and cannot control it. Time does not work according to us; we have to work according to time. According to Einstein, timing and spacing are different features of the same thing and many other physicists have said that an object can move back and forth in space but nothing can move back in time.- Sito, T (2009).
If you have ever read Einstein's Dreams, you can appreciate my dilemma. If you have not yet had the opportunity to experience this wonderful novel by Alan Lightman, I guarantee that after you read it you will expand your perception of the nature of time and of human activity. The novel is enchanting. It is a fictional account of what one of the greatest scientific minds dreams as he begins to uncover his theory of relativity.
Rigid body motion does not change the length of a vector joining the pair of points inside the body and has no concern with the strain analysis. When external forces are applied on an elastic body, the body undergoes deformation. Due to the elasticity of the body, there comes into play a force which resists the deformation. This force is called stress force. Clearly, the deformation of the body is accompanied by the stress force. In other words, stress and strain occur together in inelastic body. There are two types of elastic deformation: (i) Dilatation and (ii) Shear strain set up in the body in such a way that there is a change only in volume but no change in shape, is called dilatation. In the shear deformation, there is a change in the shape of the body without a change in its volume. Dilatations are further categorized into two kinds: compression, in which volume is reduced; and rarefaction, in which the volume is
Throughout the day we are constantly checking the time, preparing for the upcoming months, and keeping track of the year. Clocks tell us the time we use as a measurement. It’s how we keep track of those important months and events, such as holidays and birthdays. Although there are many investigations and research being done on the nature of time, many unresolved issues remain.
Our experience of time is therefore not one where there is a linear narrative development from past to present to future, and where each time period is distinct and separate. Instead, our conscious experience
muscles contract at the base of the body the legs move. This motion causes a
Around the 1930’s Walt Disney helped to set up drawing classes for his animators. The object of these classes was to teach the animators a new way to animate objects to make them more life like. The students studied the movements of the human figure and animals. They would play clips from live action movies over and over just to study the different aspects of the actions.
John McTaggart in his essay “Time” presents a radical argument that claims time is unreal. While the argument is interesting and has attracted much attention for his arguments, I remain unconvinced of the argument he makes. This paper will lay out McTaggart’s argument that time in unreal, critically analyze why I believe McTaggart’s argument fails and present an alternative idea about time, utilizing aspects of McTaggart’s argument.
One way which we speak, experience and conceive of time is that time is something that flows or passes from the future to the present and from the present to the past. When viewed in this way, events which are present have a special existential status. Whatever may be the case with regard to the reality or unreality of events in the future and the past, events that are in the present exist with a capital 'E'. It can then be postulated that it is the 'present' or 'now' that shifts to even later times. If events in time (or moments of time) are conceived in terms of past, present and future, or by means of the tenses, then they form what McTaggart called the A-series (from which the A-theory of time is derived). This type of change is commonly referred to as 'temporal becoming', and gives rise to well known perplexities concerning both what does the shifting and the type of shift involved, which we will discuss later.
Time Travel has always struck close to the imagination of the minds. From H.G. Wells ' "The Time Machine" to blockbuster films like "Back to the Future" - for years, time travel was the stuff of science fiction and crazy-eyed mad men but as physicists approach the subject of time travel with new advances in scientific theories and equipment, the possibility of time travel has become a more legitimate field for scientific endeavours. This paper will argue the possibility of time travel and the positive effects that this discovery will bring forth to modern day society: technological advancements.
Time is defined in the dictionary as “the indefinite continued progress of existence”. Einstein is credited with time being referred to as the fourth dimension when in terms of science. Ever since the first humans lived to now, time has always been an important part to life. We began to classify time and name certain sections of time by the length of how much time it has taken. These different sections are words that we hear almost daily, such as days, months, and years. The words are then used to clearly understand the span of a li...
Albert Einstein once said that, "Time is an illusion". Many people interpret that figuratively and end up thinking that he means the time is what you make of it or a different philosophical concept of time, but Einstein meant it quite literally. Einstein meant that time as we know it is not real. There are many reasons why time is not real and some of these include the fundamental properties of time, the relativity of time, how time is determined on a universal scale, and how time is used.
The characters’ movement is an essential piece to produce a successful animated movie. The illusion of life is created through the technique in computer animation. The life in immortal toys and mortal human beings is created through the movement of each individual character. Buzz and Woody are from different generations and the movement of the two characters differs greatly. Woody has a springy, ragdoll movement while Buzz moves like a robot, rigid and angled. Through the use of computer technology the variety of simple toy movement and nuanced human motion gave the animation some perception of reality. The mortal humans were the toughest to animate because of their movement. For example, when you notice Andy, he has heavy, weighted movements while all the toys are effervescent and bouncy.
Exaggeration is one of the most important principle of animation, other than as told above about it's uses it also has a main characteristics, it has the capabality of exaggerating the other 10 principles of animation because on of the principle, solid drawing is excluded from this category. This makes the scene more appealing and makes the scene even more funny and attract audience towards the scene. Exaggeration is the principle which helps in emphazing motion and emotions.
Sir Isaac Newton came up with many theories of time and space. Euclid said that there can be a concept of a straight line but Newton said nothing could ever travel in a straight line, see illustration below.
In the beginning of animation, animators created images using pen and paper. They were then arranged to give the illusion of movement and depth. This type of animation is called traditional or 2D animation. This style is a great option if the animator is working with characters and want the benefits of a hand drawn quality. However, with 2D animation the animator would need to start completely from a scratch piece of paper to change the camera angle for a scene. Also, truth is fewer and fewer animators can create drawings needed to make a beautiful 2D animation. Today, animators have turned more to 3D animation. 3D animations are created on a computer, with modeling programs to produce a much more realistic and complex animation experience. What helps in making a lifelike animation, is the simple fact that it can be viewed and lit from all angles. 3D animation also adds textures that can be placed into live scenes and elements. This style can work for any concept and offers flexible, customizable, and an overall fluid motion. A friend (a non-animator) of J.K. Riki was asked why he thought 3D compared to 2D was “more real”. He replied and said, “blurs the line between fantasy and reality” and “a child’s daydream – and all other ages – is theoretically 3D, so it’s like their fantasies come to life”. However, what an animator must know is to achieve beautiful movement within the animation, animators must apply the same principles that apply to 2D. Just because it 3D is done digitally, doesn’t mean it is done completely for the