An SPSS data analysis was conducted to synthesis and analyse the raw results. Through the SPSS software, a t-test was conducted for the three sets of data obtained. For hypothesis 1 and 2, an independent t-test was conduced and for hypothesis 3 a repeated measures t-test was conducted. An Independent-samples t-test with an alpha level of .05 was used to compare children with a traumatic brain injury against an orthopaedic control. At both 7 and 13 years old, those in the OC group had a higher mean score on the Digit Span Standard test. The correlation between the scores of both TBI groups and both OC groups was positively weak. This indicates that there is not a clear relationship between the two groups. The t-test was statistically significant …show more content…
Children with OC also had better working memory development, at 7 and 13 years old, than children with TBI. All of my hypotheses were supported and the results are consistent with the results obtained in previous research. As seen with Barnes, Swank and Ewing-Cobbs (2017), who ran a study focusing on children with TBI at 8 and 14 years of age, it was expected that this research would obtain results that highlighted the improvement of working memory functions with age. Past research also found the younger children tend to have more problems with their working memory after TBI, especially compared to older children who have sustained the same severity TBI (Keenan, Clark, Holubkov, Cox and Ewing-Cobbs, 2018). This study adds to the understanding of impact of age on working memory following TBI and extends the knowledge by researching specific age categories. This provides a fuller picture as to how brain development in children varies the impact of TBI on working memory functions. A strength of the study was that it focused on children aged 7 and 13 years, which is something that is rarely studied specifically. The unique changes that occur in the brain between 7 and 13 can play an important role in the
I intend to explore the effects of a parietal brain injury from the perspective of a neuropsychologist; ranging from types of tests that are employed when trying to determine the extent of the damage, to gaining an understanding of how this damage will affect the rest of the brain and/or the body. I will also explore the effects of a brain injury from the perspective of the family members, and their experiences with the changes that occur during the rehabilitation process. According to The Neuropsychology Center, “neuropsychological assessment is a systematic clinical diagnostic procedure used to determine the extent of any possible behavioral deficits following diagnosed or suspected brain injury”(www.neuropsych.com). As mentioned previously, a brain injury can be the result of many types of injuries or disorders, thus a broad range of assessment procedures have been developed to encompass these possibilities.
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) account to a third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the U.S. with an estimated 1.7 million individuals sustaining TBI each year (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). Classifications of brain injury (e.g., mild, moderate and severe) is mostly done using the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) which has gained broad acceptance for the assessment of the severity of brain damage (Bauer & Fritz, 2004). Recent studies suggest that almost all patients with moderate or severe TBI have a period of recovery during which they are responsive but confused. This state is commonly referred to as the post-traumatic amnesia. Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is defined as “a failure of continuous memory” (Artiola et al., 1980; p.377). PTA is often cited as the best method for codifying the degree, level of recovery and outcome after a closed head injury (e.g., Artieola et al., 1980; Tate, Pfaff, & Jurjevic, 2000). PTA duration is a better indicator of outcome than early injury scales such as the GCS score (Richardson et al., 2009).This analysis will examine the limitations of the general PTA assessment scale, and investigate the benefits and limitations of both retrospective and prospective methods used to measure the duration of PTA.
Thesis: Concussions affect children and adults of all ages causing physical, emotional and metal trauma to a person and their brain.
Yates, Keith, et al. “Longitudinal Trajectories of Postconcussive Symptoms in Children With Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries and Their Relationship to Acute Clinical Status.” Pediatrics. 123.3 (2009) : 735-743. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
Scientific American 306.2 (2012): 66-71. Print. The. Brady, Erik. “Changing the Game on Youth Concussions.”
Thematic analysis is espoused to be the foundational approach to qualitative analysis and methods (Saunders et al., 2016 as stated in Braun and Clarke, 2006: 78) and it is a useful method used to identify and analyse the order and patterns of qualitative data (Attride-Stirling, 2001). Qualitative research method depicts the correlation that exists between data and events, creating the pictorial representation of what one thinks a given data says (Saunders et al., 2016). They also opined that, qualitative data analysis is cogent, interactive and iterative. Also, Joana and Jill (2011) and Saunders et al (2016) postulate that, qualitative research brings meanings from words and images as opposed to numbers. However, despite its robustness and rigour of its application, it is skewed more to the interpretivist ideologies since researchers draw conclusion from participants and the hypothesis being forecasted (Joana and Jill, 2011; Saunders et al., 2016).
...however issues such as reliability, validity and bias occur when studying brain damaged patients therefore is not always a valid way of studying working memory (in Smith, 2007).
In response to the question set, I will go into detail of the study, consisting of the background, main hypotheses, as well the aims, procedure and results gathered from the study; explaining the four research methods chosen to investigate, furthering into the three methods actually tested.
Children who suffer from Traumatic Brain Injury might suffer from learning disabilities as a result of their injury.
Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance using the SAS (9.1, SAS institute, 2004) statistical software package. Statistical assessments of differences between mean values were performed by the LSD test at P = 0.05.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is are complex and always have large degrees of symptoms. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) also are the cause of many different disabilities. Each person is different and in every brain injury are different, bringing a devastating change into their lives on the day of the occurrence of the brain injury. The occurrence of brain injuries are wide spread into a large spectrum of different causes and there are different degrees of TBI.
indicates towards a fraud. On eof the most important qualities or benefits of this model is that it understands the pattern in the data and generates the result. Once the result is generated the model checks as to how close was the result from the actual results. Based on this analysis the model adjusts its weights to give an accurate result the next time. Once this model has been trained to give accurate results, it can be used to analyze other data as well. Even when Neural Networks are widely accepted, they are not really used that much in the marketing industry merely by the fact that data preparation for this model is very complex time consuming as compared to the Regression Analysis. The marketers are much comfortable using the Regression Analysis over Neural Networks because of the ease of interpreting the results in the Regression Analysis.
The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).
Luciana M, Lindeke L, Georgieff M, Mills M, Nelson CA. Neurobehavioral evidence for working-memory deficits in school-aged children with histories of prematurity. Developmental medicine and child neurology. 1999;41(8):521-533.
Stocchetti, N., Pagan, F., Calappi, E., Canavesi, K., Beretta, L., Citerio, G., … Colombo, A., (2004). Inaccurate early assessment of neurological severity in head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 21(9), 1131-1140. doi:10.1089/neu.2004.21.1131