The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, chaired by former Secretary of State William P. Rogers, investigated the circumstances surrounding the explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger shortly after liftoff on January 28, 1986. The Commission was established in February, 1986, pursuant to Executive Order 12546, and it issued its final report in June, 1986. William Rogers was at the time a practicing attorney and senior partner in the law firm Rogers & Wells. In 1973, Rogers was awarded the Medal of Freedom. All other members of the Commission have excellent qualifications such as previous spacecraft commander, engineers, director of Space Systems and Command, Control, Communication, astronauts, and physicists.
January 28th, 1986, was the coldest day that NASA had ever attempted to launch a manned spacecraft; at 36 degrees Fahrenheit, it was 15 degrees colder than any previous launch temperature. Although lift-off time for the Challenger flight 51-L had been delayed twice that morning, all operations and systems seemed to be under control. An “ice” team had been sent to the launch pad at 1:30 a.m. and again at 8:45 a.m., and although there was some build-up, ice was cleared as a concern. Other weather conditions were cleared by NASA staff at Cape Canaveral through the use of weather balloons and also at the emergency landing site in Dakar, Senegal, Africa. The seven member crew arrived at the launch pad in the astronauts’ van shortly after 8:00 and were all strapped into their seats by 8:36 a.m. “Three, two, one…” [stated mission control]. “Roger. Go with the throttle up,” shuttle commander Dick Scobee radioed. 73 seconds later, millions of people across the nation watched the awful explosion spread across their television screens and realized that something had gone wrong before they heard the voice of mission control: “Obviously…a major malfunction.” Rather than delivering the State of the Union address that evening as scheduled, President Ronald Reagan made a brief speech. “We’ll continue our quest in space,” he promised traumatized Americans. “There will be more shuttle flights and more shuttle crews and, yes, more volunteers, more civilians, more teachers in space.” There would be no shuttle flights for nearly three years. There would be no teacher in space, and for those left on the ground, for the families of seven deceased astronauts, there would be years of bitterness, grief and anger, and pain before their lives could finally heal.
The space in which we live, which draws us out of ourselves, in which the erosion of our lives, our time, and our history occurs, the space that claws and gnaws at us, is also, in itself, a heterogeneous space. In other words, we do not live in a kind of void, inside of which we could place individuals and things. We do not live inside a void that could be coloured with diverse shades of light, we live inside a set of relations that delineates sites which are irreducible to one another and absolutely
Living In Space: Energy Space is filled with radiant energy and beyond earth's atmosphere this energy flow more steadily and more intensely from the sun than that which penetrates to the surface of the Earth. So an abundant and essential source of energy that would be used in space for the space colony would be solar radiation by developing satellite solar power stations. To live in space, humans must be protected from the fierce intensity and penetrating wavelengths of unattenuated sunlight, but
Violation of Space On today’s episode of “Know Your Principles of Sociology,” the question is how important are the mundane rules of life? Our contestants in Dr. Marin’s class helped us out with finding the answer. To answer this they simply violated an unwritten social norm that people live by in our culture. They decided to violate the space theory. Weather it be to randomly hug people or sit extremely close to them, these brave young souls went to the farthest ends to observe and document the
What would happen, if you die in space! With no oxygen and almost zero pressure in the space, 12 seconds exposure to the vacuum of space will cause the blood in your body to vaporize, your body would swell just like a balloon being filled with air, your lungs would collapse, and the saliva in your mouth will start boiling. All these happens because the boiling point is significantly lower in the vacuum. The lower the pressure, the lower the boiling point is in that environment. Without the Earth’s
The Space Within My second-grade teacher was a second-rate poet. For one of our elementary school's semiannual pageants, our class was supposed to represent colored pencils. Definitely silly, but we were much better off than the kindergartners, who had to portray paste. All we had to do was wear different colored outfits and recite the little verses our teacher had written for us, one pertaining to each color. I was black. My stanza went something like this: "Black is the color of night,/And of
English 104: research paper The influence of space flight on the development of human society: why we should keep going to space As far back as we as a species can remember, space and the stars have always held specific place in our culture. In many religions the stars are held as the birthplace or homes of the gods, in science it is the panicle of the unknown. It the epitome of what we perceive as “out of reach”. But our understanding of the stars and space in general has changed dramatically over
What is space travel? Basically, it refers to the process of travelling in outer space. This term can also be defined as a voyage outside of Earth’s atmosphere. Humans have been fascinated by the night sky for centuries, tracking the movement of stars, comets, and planets in the open sky. In the twentieth century, the fascination with space took on an entirely new level of excitement when humans launched the first spacecraft out of Earth’s atmosphere, putting astronauts in space and on the moon.
regarding the claim that personal space invasions produce physiological changes. Before I proceed with the evaluation I would like to mention that the distance around each of us is divided into four zones which includes: intimate, central, social and public space. According to Susan Whitbourne a Professor of Psychological and Brain Science the intimate space is the one closets to us and only goes to about 18 inches from our face, central zone which is also called personal space covers about another 2-1/2
Deep Space Probes 1 Have you ever considered life on other planets, or maybe galaxies that we have never heard of? Thanks to space probes these dreams may become a reality sooner than u think. In the past years there have been many space probes launched and even more discoveries made by them. These probes are helping people to better understand our solar system and everything it. They are also helping to make many new discoveries. What exactly is a space probe? A space probe is an unmanned space
nearness, you would need to enroll your own particular space name to begin. A space name is the name used to allude to a particular site. Area name enrollment is not restricted to an organization of an association. Indeed, even people can pick an area name and work with an ICANN certify enlistment center to get the same enrolled. Why is this imperative? Getting an area name is vital for different reasons. The name you decide for your space can run with you, notwithstanding when you change your
of absolute space to a completed theory of mechanics. Absolute space can be best described as not-relationally-dependent space. Newton purports that there is something more to space than just being a vessel to conceptualize positional differences between specific bodies; he claims that there is some objective truth to space -- that spatial differences are not dependent upon the matter contained within space. In his Principia, he states that the difference of relational and absolute space becomes manifest
Space Appeal Public relations activities have been and always will be an integral part of crew activities. While these activities absorb resources, the most significant of which is time, they also bring public and political support to the program and provide some of the return on investment of the program.” – NASA, The Mars Reference Mission, Pg. 25 Since the day of NASA’s greatest triumph on July 20, 1969, there has been a sense among many American people and politicians that the once-unimaginable
Navigating Interstitial Spaces “[T]he law permits the Americans to do what they please.” Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America The protection of virtue, I submit, requires an understanding of interstitial spaces—spaces where formalist adherence to rules and laws does not suffice to adequately promote virtue. Recognition of these spaces spawned agent morality and Aristotle’s practical wisdom. Fascination with these spaces fueled Alexis de Tocqueville’s inquiry into American religious
both women and men astronauts have traveled into space to collect data about the universe. The first human being, the first animal, and the first spacecraft in orbit, were all achievements of the Soviet Union. In 1958 a group known as The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was founded. The first probe to escape Earth's gravity was the Soviet LUNA 1, launched on Jan. 2, 1959. It passed the Moon and continued into interplanetary space. The U.S. probe Pioneer 4, launched two months later
Space Exploration The Space Race began in or around the late-1950s, during the Cold War. The United States and Russia were both anxious to become the country to explore space. Unfortunately for the US, Russia launched the first artificial satellite and man-made object to orbit Earth, Sputnik. The launch of Sputnik surprised the United States, and we rushed to get our own space craft into space, and to beat Russia to anything else space related. In 1958, the United States’ first satellite, Explorer