Sozology and Ecophilosophy: Sciences of the 20th Century
ABSTRACT: This paper contains a synthesized profile of sozology and ecophilosophy, sciences of the end of the 20th century. Sozology is defined as the science of the systematic protection of the biosphere from the destructive effects on it from the anthroposphere. On the other hand, ecophilosophy is understood as the science whose object of study is the essence and nature of the socio-natural environment, its quantitative and qualitative properties and the causal dependence between the anthroposphere and biosphere. I hope that both these sciences will enter permanently into the world’s educational systems in the 21st century.
Introduction
The present article aims to present a synthesis of the characteristic features of epistemological sozology (1) and ecophilosophy (2) as sciences of the end of the twentieth century.
The profile of sozology will take into account above all an analysis of the concepts involved in this science, a construction of its definition, a description of its object of study and an indication of the characteristic features of sozological scientific research — especially interdisciplinariness and systematicity.
On the other hand in the profile of ecophilosophy it is necessary to take into account its various conceptions, define the object of study and outline the content-related problems.
1.1 The understanding of sozology
The term "sozology" comes form the Greek word ????? which means "to protect", "to rescue". Walery Goetel (1) introduced this term to Polish scientific terminology in 1965. According to him this term means the protection of the natural human environment. Thirty years have passed since then. The term "sozology" was enriched with a new content which thereby broadened its scope. An expression of this is the rich literature on the subject and this term is used more and more frequently to define sciences concerning environment protection.
In the word "sozology" two aspects are taken into consideration: the content and the scope. (2) In the connotational aspect the methodological and thematic elements of this name are indicated, but in the aspect concerning its scope the designations marking its range are pointed to.
From the methodological standpoint of the content of the name "sozology" people speak above all about methods serving to research the object of this science. Here the empirical, humanist, philosophical and systemic methods are distinguished.
From the thematic standpoint of the term "sozology" the questions and problems within the range of scientific sozological research are stressed. As an example problems and questions are mentioned here like:
Steroid use in professional sports is unfair and unsafe because of its reason for use and many side effects. Steroids physically enhance an athlete’s body to an extraordinary point, which a non-user cannot reach. Professional leagues may or may not test for use of steroids which can also be unfair to the athletes. Athletes use steroids to increase muscle mass, strength, and power that will improve their performance to play their sport. The side effects of this drug can be harmful to the user and others around them. The use of steroids in professional athletes continues to increase as well as the discipline for using them.
Processual Archaeology, was a movement in the archaeological field that began in the 1960‘s and changed the course of archaeology forever. Anthropologists such as Julian Steward were absolutely influential on many archaeologists and anthropologists during the early 1960s with his theories of cultural ecology which established a scientific way of understanding cultures as human adaption to the surrounding environment (Steward, 1955: 36-38). It was approaches such as Stewards that led eventually led to a rejection of culture-historical approaches to the archaeological record and propelled the ideas of cultural evolution and its reaction with the environment. This approach to cultural systems was essentially a rejection of the culture-historical approach of determinism by suggesting that the environment influences culture but is not a deterministic feature and that both culture and the environment were two separate systems that are dependent on each other for change (Steward, 1955: 36).
Pabook.libraries.psu.edu, (2014). The Pennsylvania Center for the Book - Rockview SCI. [online] Available at: http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Rockview.html [Accessed 7 May. 2014].
Some people and experts feel steroids and performance enhancing drugs have no place in professional sports. “Doping affects the integrity of the sport. Sports aren’t always about winning. The saying “It’s not about whether you win or lose, it’s how you played the game,” although cliche, is absolutely correct” (April Ashby). Many individuals argue the point that steroids aren’t unhealthy because they boost the health of the athlete but statistical facts may prove otherwise. Some also say that the drugs could be easily permitted with medical supervision to control dosing and usage limits of the drugs with the
Killers have been roaming across the world for hundreds of thousands of years. Society outlaws murder, yet people keep on killing. Among these people who take somebody else’s life, there are serial killers. A serial killer is somebody who commits a series of murders, sometimes with no motive, but usually a characteristic, predictable behavior pattern left behind the crime scene. Serial killing is psychological, someone to be labeled as a serial killer is to have a psychological motive for taking life. Some of the greatest serial killers to have wandered America, searching for their prey are Ted Bundy, H.H. Holmes (Hermman Webster Mudgett), John Gacy, and perhaps the most notorious killer from Wisconsin, Jeffery Dahmer. Jeffery Dahmer,
A child might assume the words “serial killer” refer to devouring a box of cereal. However, as seen throughout many murders, this innocence and gullibility is to be envied. For in this world, there are greater crimes than “killing” a cereal box-one of which being the “killing” of a human being. Today’s America has seen some of the worst serial killers- Jeffery Dahmer, John Wayne Gacy, Ted Bundy. However, the phrase “serial killer” had to be originated somewhere, as did these serial killers, starting with Herman Webster Mudgett, better known as Dr. Henry Howard Holmes, America’s first serial killer. From elaborate architecture to entrap and kill its victims to simply tapping someone over a cliff to their deaths, Dr. Henry Howard Holmes could
Although there are laws passed with the intention of ridding sports of the use of performance enhancing drugs, it is still a highly debated topic. Supporters argue it is beneficial for the sport. The opposition argues against it. A syndicated political columnist argues “Drugs that make sport exotic drain it of its exemplary power by making it a display of chemistry rather than character—actually, a display of chemistry and bad character” (Will). In light of the overwhelming evidence, one must agree with the 2004 Anabolic Steroids Act, which attempts to ban the use of anabolic steroids in U.S sporting events. The use of performance enhancing drugs in sports is dangerous, unethical and ruins the integrity of the specific sport, by giving an unfair advantage to the user over their competitors.
Serial murder is one of the most baffling crimes that occur in the U.S. and all over the world. Knight (2006) defines serial murder as the killing of three or more people over a period of more than 30 days, with a significant cooling-off period. The cooling off period may be weeks, months or even years long. Researchers have proposed various psychological, biological and sociological theories that offer a partial understanding of the nature of serial murder. Some propose that the basis for criminal behavior is a predisposition to violence as well as a mix between environment, personality traits and biological factors. Serial killers are predominantly male. Only 3 percent of serial murders are committed by women (U.S. News and World Report, 1994) Knight (2006) describes some different personality types of serial killers: the psychopathic personality type, narcissistic, paranoid or anti-social, or as having temporal lobe epilepsy, schizoid personality and dissociative disorder. Psychotic serial killers are extremely rare. Most serial killers know right from wrong and are not considered insane. Even Jeffery Dahmer who dismembered his victims and ate their flesh was deemed sane by Dr. Park Elliot Dietz. (Frank, 2000) (Dr. Dietz also deemed Andrea Yates as sane.) People who murder for money or to escape detection such as gang-bangers or the mafias are not considered serial killers. I’m going to focus this paper on the majority (2/3) of serial killers who have been clinically in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as suffering from Personality Disorder Cluster Type B which is classified as anti-social (psycho/sociopathic), histrionic or narcissistic behavior. The remaining 30 percent of serial killers has one or more other psychosis s...
Self-evaluation: the role of parenting quality and early adolescents’ appraisals. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 41(6), 749-763
Schechter, Harold, and David Everitt. The A to Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers. New York: Pocket Books, 1997.
One of the individual serial killers is Gary Ridgway who is known as the Green River serial killer. He plead guilty of killing 49 women over two decades. He was arrested in 2001. Gary was tested with an I.Q. of 82. When he was 16 years old he stabbed a six-year-old boy, however he then survived the attack. There are more than eight individual serial killers, and each of them killed more than 80 people. Most of the victims are female. Things that Motivate the serial killers are fear of someone leaving them, having sense of power, and their
I strongly agree with Sommer & Schlichting, 1997 quote “Studying soils along a slope is one of the simplest, yet most elegant ways to discern spatial interrelationships between soil and topography”. Various factors are responsible for the difference in soil characteristics and pattern along a slope. The aim of this assignment is to demonstrate the credibility of this statement by providing relevant information about the different processes along topography that affects the soil and thus enable readers to value the statement. The catena concept is a framework that ties everything together when studying the relationship between soil and topography.
Ecopsychology claims that ecofeminism is too shallow whereas ecofeminism claims that ecology is too shallow, and also power, and gender must beat the basis of analysis.
now contributes to the threat survival of the planet. People and technology must respect and nurture the ecology, if the progress of the 20th century is to continue (Cowan, 1995).