Sources and Implications in Paul Ricoeur's Ideology Concept (1)
ABSTRACT: This paper intends to shed light on the issue of ideology as found in the work of Ricoeur. According to Ricoeur, ideology is not only distortive of social reality; it is as well related to society's power and integration, which in fact changes our way of understanding the entire world. Ideology is an endless and unresolvable problem, since there is no non-ideological place from which to discuss ideology. The phenomenological hermeneutic is employed in an attempt to mediate ideological phenomena in a Ricoeur-like fashion.
1. Introduction
Once the contemporary trend in Philosophy moves toward the praxis, our aim in this paper is to take this point into amount to trace the main features of Paul Ricoeur concept of ideology.
As a minor purpose we provide a Theoretical framework to think deeply about political and social praxis. This is so as a matter of make them feasible answers to problems that have been appearing recently.
It is important to highlight the contribution of Paul Ricoeur to Social Philosophy and Ethics. Ricoeur shows a bright and powerful way to make his points understandable, besides showing a good classical education on discussing issues that requires a philosophical tradition.
2. A Brief Historical Overview on the Concept of Ideology
This section presents a brief historical overview on the concept of ideology from its original sources to sophisticated definitions taking the hermeneutic method as granted.
The word ideology was created by Destutt de Tracy to define the main purposes of science that aims to understand the ideas, its characteristics and laws and its relation to the signs that represent it as well. After that the same acquires another meanings to other philosophers as Auguste Comte and Émile Durkeim.
Ideology is also assumed to be a way of social reality hiding which means a disclosure in the most definitions found in many dictionaries of Philosophy. Moreover it tries to represent a fraud world, imposing a dominant social class point of view to the lower classes. From Ricoeur's point of view, it is possible to realize this is a narrow view which stresses only the negative side of the discussion.
In order to advance in such a discussion, Ricoeur's proposal is to rethink the problem until it is possible to find a duple sense and a wider point of view. There is a long history words with respect to a false suspicion Marxism is only one link in this chain.
Ideology is created by the double-movement of idealization and desire. The model, the idealized Capitalist figure for the self, creates its own ideological structure as a means to selfing, as an objectified desired on the official apparatus of the communication and creation of Capitalist ideology, the television screen:
In a movie Monsters University (Dan Scanlon, 2013) the Althusser’s Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses theory can be seen through representing the influence of ideology by Ideological State Apparatus’ institutions that mostly impact on characters rather than influence of Repressive State Apparatus (Louise Althusser, 1970).
Ideology is defined as the representation of the imaginary relationship of the individuals to the real conditions of their existence. This creates an air of false consciousness that conceals the truth, controls class conflicts, and maintains the status quo. Ideological State Apparatuses, the institutions in which ideology operates, imposes onto individuals a designated role, or forme, and restricts their ability to transcend those objective roles. Since humans cannot recognize themselves outside of their assigned ideologies, they must acquire their identities by seeing themselves through the perception of others. (Althusser ISA's)
Before we ask ourselves why ideology has become such an important concept in the modern age, let’s first see how different authors in different times have defined ideology. I combined the most thoughtful and influential definitions that circulate within the social sciences in the postwar decades. All these definitions have revealed the extent to which ideology remains a very flexible conceptual tool. To some of the authors, ideology is dogmatic, while the others say it carries connotations of political experience. Others think its basis is of concrete interests of a social class while others say it is a characteristic of an absence of economic interests. In the book titled “The Authoritarian Personality”, ideology has been defined as an organization of attitudes, opinions and values. It is a way of thinking about people and their society with respect to the different areas of social life: economics, politics, minority groups, religion and so forth (Adorno, 1950). Loewenstein also defined ideology as a consistent integrated patterns of belief and thoughts that explains man’s
Marxism is a method of analysis based around the concepts developed by the two German philosophers Karl Marx and Fredrich Engel, centered around the complexities of social-relations and a class-based society. Together, they collaborated their theories to produce such works as The German Ideology (1846) and The Communist Manifesto (1848), and developed the terms ‘’proletariat’ and ’bourgeois’ to describe the working-class and the wealthy, segmenting the difference between their respective social classes. As a result of the apparent differences, Marxism states that proletariats and bourgeoisie are in constant class struggle, working against each other to amount in a gain for themselves.
Music therapy not only works on adults in the workplace but also on premature babies, infants, and children as well.
Even though Averroes’ assertion that philosophy is an obligation from all who study religion seems to support innovative ideas, closer analysis shows the opposite. Considering all the limits set upon the encouragement of producing personal opinions, the role of philosophy is practically redundant. Opinions are only accepted from scholars, and even then, when they are in line with what is considered to be “right”.
Case-Smith, J., & Arbesman, M. (2008). Evidence-Based Review of Interventions for Autism Used in or of Relevance to Occupational Therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy,62(4), 416-429. doi:10.5014/ajot.62.4.416
Simpson, K., & Keen, D. (2011). Music interventions for children with autism: Narrative review of the literature. Journal Of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 41(11), 1507-1514. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1172-y
Music therapy can be combined with occupational to increase the benefits of the special education services. A significant challenge people on the autism spectrum face is effectively communicating their thoughts, desires, and emotions in a socially acceptable way. Using improvisation in music therapy can help students on the spectrum express what they are feeling. Learning to use musical elements such as dynamics, tempo, timbre, and form, can help this population demonstrate musically what they need to communicate. For example, if they are feeling sad, they might improvise with a slow tempo. If they are angry, their improvisation might be loud and fast.
To understand Smith’s essay, Smith feels it is important to be aware of her use of the word Ideology. For her the word has two different meanings “to mean not only a conscious system of meaning, e...
The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) defines music therapy as “…the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program” (ATMA, 2008). Though the writings of Aristotle and Plato are some of the earliest examples that describe how music can make a positive impact on both the behavior and health of an individual, music therapy is a relatively new concept (Degmečić & Požgain et al., 2005). In the Post-World War II era, experienced musicians began performing regularly in hospitals for war veterans that had suffered from physical or emotional trauma. These performances elicited perceptible, but surprising, positive physical and emotional responses. The physicians took notice and eventually began requesting that the hospital formally hire these musicians to aid in the recovery of these wounded soldiers. This practice eventually evolved into what is now known as music therapy (Degmečić & Požgain et al., 2005). By presenting evidence gathered in various research projects, this paper will attempt to introduce the reader to the benefits of music therapy. It will uncover the different aspects, methods and approaches to music therapy and how it positively impacts an individual with special needs and their family. The evidence presented will also dissect how this therapeutic method can be implemented in both a special education and general education classroom to help a child prosper and thrive as an individual. This information will ultimately exemplify how effective music therapy can be in a classroom that contains a child with special needs.
It can be used “in various frameworks (e.g., music-centered, psychodynamic, etc.), and is depicted as a child-centered approach where a trained music therapist uses active, spontaneous music making and the relationship that develops through this” (Geretsegger, Holck, Carpente, Elefant, Kim & Gold, 2015). The music therapy specialist usually focuses on a child’s behaviors and interests in order to help the child grow in their communication and social skills (Geretsegger, Holck, Carpente, Elefant, Kim & Gold, 2015). One of the most important things that music therapy offers is that it is fun and enjoyable. Also, it is like another form of playing; therefore, it is something that a child who has autism spectrum
Moore, Brooke Noel., and Kenneth Bruder. "Chapter 6- The Rise of Metaphysics and Epistemology; Chapter 9- The Pragmatic and Analytic Traditions; Chapter 7- The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." Philosophy: the Power of Ideas. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print.
Music Therapy (which is using music in a therapeutic relationship to address cognitive, emotional, physical, and social needs of individuals) (1) has drastically changed in the past 15 year. These changes were brought about because of new insight from research into music and brain functions. Scientist have found that music and its counterparts are a highly structured auditory language that involves complex perception, cognition, and motor control in the brain.