1 Finland The life expectancy in Finland is high; men´s life expectancy is 78 years and women´s 84 years. The life expectancy of both sexes at birth is 81 years, while the global average is 70 years. The probability of dying under five is 3 per 1000 live births. In Finland the biggest causes of death among children under five are congenital anomalies (36%) and other diseases (28%). The probability of dying between 15 and 60 years is 116 among men and 51 among female (per 1000 population). There is a noticeable difference between men and women. (WHO 2013a, 2013b) 2.2 United Kingdom The life expectancy at birth in UK is 79 years among men and 82 among women. The difference between Finland and UK is minimal. The propability of dying under five is 5 per 1000 live births. The biggest causes of death among children under five are prematurity (35%) and congenital anomalies (27%). The probability of dying between 15 and 60 years in 91 among men and 57 among women (per 1000 population). As in Finland, there is a noticeable difference between men and women, although not as great as in Finland. (WHO 2013c, 2013d) 2.3 Ethiopia The life expectancy at birth in Ethiopia is 59 years among men and 62 among women. As expected, there´s a notable contrast between Finland, United Kingdom and Ethiopia. The probapility of dying under five is worrying 68 per 1000 live births. The biggest causes of death among children under five are pseunomia (21%) and other diseases (18%). The probability of dying between 15 and 60 years is 306 among men and 265 among women (per 1000 population). The number is alarmingly big. Ethiopia has extremely poor health status in relation to other low-income coutries, even within Sub-Saharan Africa. The biggest healthproble... ... middle of paper ... ...re hard to eliminate. Such habits and traditions are for example female genital mutilations. This kind of tradition is especially hard to eliminate since it is a traditional practice and part of culture that has been going on for thousands of years. Even most of the women believe that without the procedure young women will ostracized for life and that chances of finding a good husband and secured future will be ruined. Although the female genital mutilation and cutting is against the law, in Ethiopia the tradition still appears to be stronger than the law. Various interventions have been tried but the reduction in prevalence is still slow. This raises questions and speculation about their efficacy the need to channel the limited resources where they can make the most difference in following the targets of promoting women´s health. (Unicef 2006, Johansen et al. 2013)
During the Industrial Revolution of the Victorian Era, life expectancy was so low due to the lack of sanitation, working conditions, and less medical knowledge that we have now. At the time, the average age people were dying was at 35 years old (Lambert). The age, however, varied depending on where one lived. Normally, people who lived in cities died at a younger age than people who live in rural areas. The class that one was in also greatly impacted a person’s life span. It mainly impacted poor working-class communities, because of the poor conditions that came with being a member of that class (Wilde).
Delaney, L., & Smith, J. P. (2012). Childhood Health: Trends and Consequences over the Life Course. Future Of Children, 22(1), 3. Retrieved April 4, 2014, from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=3117d496-29ac-4318-82c9-1dfeeac7cc64%40sessionmgr113&vid=12&hid=109
"I remember the blade. How it shone! There was a woman kneeling over me with the knife. I bit her; it was all I could do. Then three women came to hold me down. One of them sat on my chest. I bit her with all my might." These words reflect Banassiri Sylla’s account of her experience undergoing female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), at the young age of eight in the Ivory Coast. This disturbing description of her struggle makes it hard to understand why any culture could support such a practice. Yet, it is estimated that about 132 million women and girls in about thirty African countries have undergone the same, or at least similar, cultural procedure as Banassiri. According to the World Health Organization, about two million girls undergo female genital mutilation every year and the percentage of women circumcised is as high as ninety-eight percent in countries such as Djibouti .
Violence and injustices also greatly affect non-western women. Female circumcision, polygamy, the ease of divorce and violence against women, as well as the lack of access to productive resources and unequal access to education and health care, plague the women of the less developed countries. For the modernization of these non-western countries women must play a larger role than they do now. Without equality for women less developed countries cannot move forward.
Adam Smith an 18th century economist and philosopher once remarked, “ The real tragedy of the poor is the poverty of their aspirations”. Over 1.3 billion people today live on a dollar a day or less, yet due to its interconnectedness, multidimensionality, and wide ranging relativity, the condition of poverty remains nearly indefinable (Birdsall & Londoño,1997, p. 32). For the sake of this paper, poverty will defined as: A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community (PAHO 2014). Often times, because of its complexity, individuals examine poverty through its influences known as the Social Determinants of Health (SDH): “The complex, integrated, and overlapping social structures
Differences in social class have a large influence on health inequalities. Those from lower socio-economic groups are more likely to be unhealthy than those from higher socio-economic groups. National statistics show that poorer areas have a lower overall life expectancy than richer areas. Glasgow has a life expectancy of 69.3 were as more affluent areas such as...
Life expectancy in many parts of the world has increased since 1800 (Life Expectancy by Age, n.d). To understand these changes we can study the demographic transition, the changes in birth and death rates over extended periods of time. The industrial revolution has significantly improved the conditions of humans and in 20th century death rates declined but the birth rates remained unchanged. In many of today’s developed countries both rates have declined; however, in developing countries, while death rates have declined due the improvements of living conditions, the birth rates are still high which has caused a record high population growth (HAUB & GRIBBLE, 2011).
Female genital mutilation (also known as female circumcision) is the cutting of female clitoral hood and removing clitoris. Following the cutting of female genital organ, there are many short-term and long-term health risk problems, and even death due to some complicated infections. The reasons for performing female genital mutilation are connected with socio-cultural beliefs, attitudes, values and customs, transition of girls into womanhood, tradition and cultural heritage, the fear of not having access to resources and opportunities as a young woman, perception to reduce sexual desire of females; hence, will sustain premarital virginity, and maintain marital fidelity. Actions have taken at international, national and regional levels since the past many years and have begun to bear fruits, but the practice is still undergoing in many countries in the world and highly prevalent in Africa. To continue and motivate further reduction in changing the society’s attitudes towards female genital mutilation in the countries where the prevalence has remained stable so it’s therefor...
Since 1960 child mortality rates have dropped substantially. In 1960 the worldwide child mortality rate for children under 5 years old was 1 billion compared to 6.6 million in 2012, *Citation. Sadly in 2012 nearly 1800 children died worldwide every day before reaching their 5th birthday*citation. In more recent years it was found that the rate has been cut in half since the 1990’s. Evidence and trends suggests that poorer, undeveloped countries such as; China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan. The countries of India and Nigeria making up at least 1/3 of the childhood mortality rate in the world today. While it’s evident that these third world countries have some of the highest rates for child mortality and for obvious reasons, a look at the causes behind childhood mortality provide useful information for the improvement and prevention of childhood mortality rates in all countries. A variety of causes contribute to the reasons of child fatality. Anywhere from high population rate and low economic stability; to get to the bottom of this worldwide epidemic I feel it necessary to explore these reasons
Ages 1 to 4 the main sources of death are injuries, cancer, congenital anomalies and manslaughter. Ages 15 to 34 leading reasons are injury, cancer, congenital anomalies, homicide, suicide, heart disease, HIV, and stroke. Ages 35 to 44 leading reasons for death are cancer, heart disease, suicide, and unintentional injury. Ages 45 to 54 leading reasons for death are cancer, heart disease, unintentional injury, and liver disease. Ages 55 and more leading reasons for death are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. How do these change across age groups? When all is said and done, as grown-ups become more established, their wellbeing status breaks down, and they require more health services administrations. After the age 65 chronic diseases multiply, and these outcomes cause a surge in health care expense for those
Sadly, the majority of these deaths were by people under the age of 50, in a country where the average age expectancy for men is 79 and women 84. At the time of publication, 70 deaths had occurred and the news went unannounced by the media.
Wherein, mortality is roughly the same for both males and females from the mid-fiftes into the early nineties. However, disparities of mortality rates in particular age classes does differ between males and females. Most notably males are more likely to die in their twenties and then again in their fifties than females are. Yet, females are more likely than males to die in their early teens and forties; however, they are more likely to outlive men from the ninnies and upwards (approximately 110). The behaviors and physiological differences between males and females is likely to influence the risk of dying at a particular age and can be explained by biological and social factors. For example, men in their twenties are more likely to be active in the military and exposed to war/potentially life threatening situations. Whereas, a variety of medical conditions are likely to become problematic at certain age classes. For example, men are likely to be diagnosed with chronic diseases at age 50. Early childhood death for females could be due to increased exposure to infectious diseases or unintentional injuries. Whereas, the death of females in their late forties could be due to
The biological hypothesis assumes that there should be a positive relationship between the year born and living a longer life, wherein the age at death is increasing The null hypothesis assumes that there is a relationship between birth year and living a longer life found in the pooled data of males and females sampled from Woodland Cemetery as determined by a slope of 0. The analysis shows a negative relationship between year born and the age of death. Wherein the age at death has occurred early as the years have progressed. As determined by a p-value of 0.000000000168, this result is very significant and the null hypothesis is rejected and there is a linear relationship between age at death and year born due to having a slope of 453.95. The r2 value of 0.00534 reflects a relatively low to moderate correlation between year born and age at death. These results are counterintuitive to the original hypothesis; however, the results can be explained by biological and social interactions. For example, it is possible that are behavioral and physiological traits that have inherently encouraged earlier death rates. Perhaps the changes in lifestyles after the industrial revolutions, have played a role. For example, changes in dietary patterns, increased globalization, and changes in the workplace have all lead to an increase in chronic disease that would put people at risk for an earlier
As American society has evolved in the past 100 years and technology has increased and improved, so has the life expectancy for individuals. Currently, females can expect to live for 81 years on average, while males can expect to live for 75 years, giving an average life expectancy of 78.3 years (Santrock, 2013, p.536). According to Santrock (2013), “since 1900, improvements in medicine, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle have increased our life expectancy an average of 30 additional years,” but another important factor is the decreasing infant mortality, allowing a larger population of people, including older adults (p.536). Making good choices in diet, regular exercise, avoiding drugs and alcohol, along with getting enough sleep and maintaining a low and healthy stress level can all increase life expectancy. Relationships, emotional well-being, and having purpose all also play an important role in determining how long an individual will live. As people are living longer, more ...
In Portugal there is an uneven provision of health care. Health care available ranges from high quality to that prevalent in the Third World. Many Portuguese, especially those living in rural areas, are not able to enjoy liberal health benefits provided for in legislation. Infant mortality rate as greatly improved in the last few decades to an estimated rate of 6.05 per 1,000 in 1992. Life expectancy is seventy-one years for males and seventy-eight for females in 1992.