Social Organization and Adaptation in Alpine Environments
Adaptive Strategies in Alpine Environments: Beyond Ecological Particularism, is an article that evaluates the similarities and differences of two alpine environments. The author’s main point of the article is to identify the consistencies of social organization and adaptation throughout communities existing in high altitudes. The mountain chains used to investigate these regularities were the Swiss Alps and the Himalayan Mountains. Along with finding the consistencies of the communities with in the mountains, they also wanted to discover whether adaptation was created though the mountain environment or outside influences. Rhoades and Thompson, through researching these different mountain ranges, find many similarities throughout the alpine communities.
The authors have clear points as to why they believe that the Himalayans and the Alps are so similar. What they bring up first is the fact that they are both immense mountain ranges, and because of the size special adaptations are necessary for survival. Throughout the article though, Rhoades and Thompson do not forget the differences of the ranges. The main thing to be aware of, they point out, is the fact that the Alps are surrounded by a technological advanced and wealthy society. Compared to the Alps the Sherpas of the Himalayans are only a herding society that are not affluent, and the only wealth made in the surrounding areas are from the tourism of the mountains. Putting that aside, the similarities are abundant, considering the location and climate of the two ranges.
The authors look to subsistence techniques, regulatory devices, ownership patterns, and sociopolitical forms to find the paralle...
... middle of paper ...
...s of similarities from yet another alpine community of the Andes Mountains. In ending, the authors find that they cannot explain the evolution of alpine areas, but they have found that throughout world mountain communities adapt in similar ways to deal with the mountain environment. The authors also wish to expand on this research but hope to further look in to the adaptations as well as the cultures of the groups.
Looking throughout the article it seems as if it has completely different intents than our text. Though the article discusses the Sherpas of Nepal, our text has a completely different idea when talking about the Sherpas of Melemchi. Bishop’s text is overall a more comprehensive study of the Sherpa, and gives more detail on their lives. If anything the article adds to the Bishop text and puts the Sherpa of Nepal in the bigger picture of the world.
The Sierra de la Serenidad is right between two settlement groups in a mountain pass. The mountain pass can lead up to a priest at the top of the mountain where there will be a lot of religious activity going on because the settlers feel like they need to be in a trance to relax. The climate is extremely dry around the area because it is surrounded by two rivers that go into the sea where there is a lot of humidity. Through the coastal plain and desert strip that goes down to the coast, climate and soil combine to support an agricultural economy based on maize. The pass system in the Andes was set up to control the commodity flow in the lake. This type of economy is thought to be around for 2,000 years. The settlers ate the fish that were in the water around the complex.
Dissection has one essential as they give students a hand on experience. How can you get a degree to be a veterinarian if you never had a hand on experience? Contrast, you can see things you’ve been curious about. Even though they are trying to learn about animals, it’s still abusing. In an ethical eye, they can quickly absorb the looks and physical appearance of the inside of an innocent animal. On the positive side, it can be for a good cause like if animals could have cancer or they could have a deadly, unknowable, clueless, incurable disease. What if they cut that animal open and the bacteria and disease is released? Therefore, they need to pick a different strategy for dissecting animals in all vet schools.
As we know, the climate change is extremely important issue which is deeply related to our life. Although they have plentiful nature resources and they do get the benefit from the glacier melted, they pay more attention to the long-term development- to protect their nature resources and find solution. Also, this tribe emphasized the development of education, in order to meet more people’s demand, they prepared to build elementary school so that can contain more students. Meanwhile, they had held event to attract more travelers and develop their economic. This tribe become to a more likely modernization
(“Facts about mountains for kids”) This is not a solid definition of mountains, but it is a general statement. Mountains typically have steep, sloping sides and sharp peaks. (“Facts about mountains for kids”) With these sloping sides come different levels to a mountain. The lowest level are the broadleaf forests then the middle slopes that are colder and have conifer trees. The next level of tree growth is called the timberline, then there are alpine plants, and finally at the very top there is nothing but snow covered rocks. (Simon, Seymour. pg.23 ) With every different level, there comes different plant and wildlife. The elevation also determines the human population, because the higher up the mountain you go the less oxygen; therefore, you will probably feel dizzy and short of breath. (Simon, Seymour pg. 25) Humans can climb mountains such as Everest, but few to none live there full time because of the reduction of oxygen. Mountains influence environments and are important to
Diamond addresses this when he writes, “Another [explanation], popular with inhabitants of northern Eurasian continent versus African continent Europe, invokes the supposed stimulatory effects of their homeland’s cold climate and the inhibitory effects of hot, humid, tropical climates on human creativity and energy. Perhaps the seasonally variable climate at high latitudes poses more diverse challenges than does a seasonally constant tropical climate”(22). This hypothesis raises the questions of climate and its effect on the human psyche. For example, people living in high latitudes with freezing temperatures are forced to spend valuable time and resources building shelter to stay warm, while additionally dealing with the issues of growing sustainable food sources in less than ideal temperatures. This presents the obstacle of cultivating a prosperous population while having a non-arable atmosphere, or with little to no rainfall. In Diamond’s article from his website, he recounts the reasons as to why certain cultures evolve in the world. He states that “it’s not the people themselves”, but, “Instead, the reasons were continental differences in the available wild plant and animal species suitable for domestication, resulting in earlier domestication of a more productive suite of domesticates in Eurasia, plus Eurasia’s east/west axis that facilitated the spread of those domesticates throughout Eurasia” (Diamond). If the climate of a specific country isn’t arable, or has little rainfall, the growth of plants and crops becomes extremely difficult. Compounding the difficulties is a grueling climate and living environment. Conversely, a suitable climate benefits the inhabitants of places such as Eurasia. Having arable land and seasonable climate changes, countries within Eurasia have little difficulty in mass producing
... and the collection of wild plant foods. This variety may be the result of adaptations to changed ecological conditions associated with the retreat of glaciers, the growth of forests in Europe and deserts in N Africa, and the disappearance of the large game of the Ice Age. Characteristic of the period were hunting and fishing settlements along rivers and on lake shores, where fish and mollusks were abundant.
This article stated that, according to a study conducted by the United Way and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), approximately 40% of young workers in Ontario are in jobs classified as part-time, temporary or self-employed. The same study also found that less than half of part-time/temporary workers were able to transition into full-time higher-wage work and, perhaps most importantly, the percentage of those able to transition will likely decline over the next decade. Clearly, the growth of part-time and temporary jobs has been growing on an upward trend over the past decade and appears to have become part of business as usual. A study conducted in 2015 by the United Way and the Law Commission of Ontario (LCO) states that approximately 22% of part-time/temporary work in the past year can be characterized as precarious work, i.e. work with poor or no benefits and job security. The growth in precarious employment is due to many factors including Globalization, improved technology, changes to business models, and the economic shift from manufacturing to the service sector. These shifts have essentially formed a new economy that has a high demand for fluidity and flexibility in the common workplace, and has low a demand for the old fashioned “Standard” model of the workplace (largely full-time employees with a full suite of
Antarctic’s ice melt and accelerating sea level rise, the growing number of large wildfires, intense heat wave shocks, severe drought and blizzards, disrupted and decreased food supply, and extreme storm events are increasing to happen in many areas world wide and these are just some of the consequences of global warming. The fossil fuel we burn for energy coal, natural gas, and oil plus the loss of forests due to disforestation, in the southern hemisphere are all contributors for climate change. In the past three decades, every single year was warmer then the previous year and the warmest 12 years were recorded since 1998. We are overloading our atmosphere with carbon dioxide and trapping the heat and recently, the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere reached 400 pmm. Not just environmental issues are rising due to carbon dioxide increase but more and miscellaneous issues are appearing as climate change becomes more severe. For example, regional models and local analyses agree that Mongolia has become noticeably warmer and the climate change effect is damaging their millennial of historic nomadic lifestyle and even came to the peek of extinction. The Mongolian nomadic pastoralists became highly vulnerable to many an unusual climate impacts and extreme temperature fluctuation that have led to inadequate pasture land and loss of enormous number of livestock, often faces hostile environmental conditions that led o entrenched pastoral poverty. This essay focuses on how the climate change impacts the qualitative and quantitative value of indigenous culture and nomadic life style, and how the economy struggles in the magnitudes of massive migration of nomads to urban area while it fails to value t...
The schools should not be paying them a salary, but rather allowing their athletes to receive money for their likeness, and/or time. Now not every player is good enough to be promoted like others, it would raise the playing field in college football. It’s very selfish of the NCAA to promote these players and making money off of them with compensating them. When you look at it; it’s si...
For centuries we've seen chaos and order ebb and flow amongst the ethnic groups of the Balkans. From the Adriatic to the West, and the Black sea to the East; Albanians, Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Greeks, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Romanians, Serbs, Slovenes, and Turks are widely spread across this mostly mountainous region. Higher elevations experience bitter cold and windy winters, and the majority those regions suffers from poor quality soil making tillage difficult. In the midst of the various mountain...
This artic tundra is mainly formed by permafrost, “a layer of permanently frozen subsoil in the ground. Putting frozen ground and flat landscape stops the drainage of water. As the water is being held up on the surface it makes ponds and bogs that give moisture for the plants, or countering the low precipitation. “The periodic freezing and thawing of the soil forms cracks in the ground in regularly patterned polygons”. Some areas are not drained very well causing irregular landforms. Some of these landforms like the following hummocks, or knolls, frost boils, and earth stripes. Another common area to the alpine tundra is a “bare rock covered ground” also known as fell fields, in which not alone support but helps the growth of lichens. The many “microhabitats” given by these landforms provide a variety to the tundra’s landscape.
...it off of their likeness. No we should not be paid millions of dollars, or even hundreds of thousands, but I do believe that student-athletes should receive a small amount of money .It is only fair to the student-athletes because they are the ones out there putting in work on the field, weight room, film room, and traveling half the time to represent the university on top of trying to maintain a grade point average. I feel that it does not only deserve, but I also believe that getting a stipend would help student-athletes learn to manage their money. There is a reason so many athletes that make it to the professional level end up broke. It’s not fair to the players that they cannot make a profit off of their god given talents and their likeness. In a certain aspect college athletics is sort of like slavery, the university controls almost every aspect of your life.
Throughout time the local tribe built and developed a home for themselves and by 1975 crops were developed. The constant issue to survive from passing diseased became in issue.
The areas that have been studied have often been chosen due to the lakes and the surroundings. Different types of vegetation allowed aspects such as the tree line to show how they effected the chironomids populations compared to tundra. Another aspect of the lakes that have been examined was the fact that they did not stratify. Due to this trait the surface temperature will reflect the overall temperature of the
One of the most key examples of understanding human culture through archaeology is the topic of climate and the environment. As seen through history, there is an intricate relationship between the environment and life on earth. Through extensive research, archaeologists have the ability to take note of minor cultural changes that can be attributed to the environment during a particular time period. These changes include, shifts in methods of food collection, changes in the artwor...