Social Learning Theory
comparative Essay
1734 words
Akers and Sellers (2013) has stated that social learning theory is an expanded theory of differential association processes and improves it with differential reinforcement and other principles of the behavior theory. They added classical conditioning (the sharpening of involuntary reflex behavior); discriminative stimuli (internal stimuli that lead to signals for behavior); schedules of reinforcement (rewards and punishment ratio following behavioral feedback); and other theories of behavior (Akers & Sellers, 2013). Akers’ social learning theory’s basic premise is that deviant behavior is learned. The theory has four components. First is definitions, where a person considers his behavior is normal. Definitions can be general or specific. General definitions refers to a person’s religious, moral, and conventional values which is conducive to conforming behavior and decreases the chances of committing deviant behavior. Specific definitions refers to a person orienting himself to an action or series of actions. For example, a person may believe that drinking and driving is wrong so he will follow the laws of the road. However, he may see little wrong in smoking marijuana, and break the law of drug possession and use. The second component is imitation where a person copies other people’s behavior after observing them. The third component is differential reinforcement which is the balance of anticipated punishments and rewards that are consequences of behavior. Differential reinforcements have positive (rewarding outcomes) and negative reinforcements (punishments for bad behavior). Finally, the last component is differential association which basically means the people you hang out with. Differential association has four elements whic... ... middle of paper ... ...e substantial on the question about the ability of the social learning variables to account for differences in male and female offenses. References Akers, R. L., & Sellers, C. S. (2013) Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Akers, R. L., Krohn, M. D., Lanza-Kaduce, L., & Radosevich, M. (1979). Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 636-655. Lee, G., Akers, R., & Borg, M. (2004). Social learning and structural factors in adolescent substance use. Western Criminology Review, 5(1), 17-33. Messner, S., Krohn, M., & Liska, A. (1989). Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Void, G., Thomas, B., & Snipes, J. (1998). Theoretical Criminology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the results of the regression analyses exhibited solid support for social learning theory on alcohol and drug use.
- Concludes that social learning theory warrants consideration as a general theory for criminal deviance. future tests should focus on more hardcore drugs and include longitudinal studies.
- Describes the research design used to test their hypothesis of the social structure and social learning model (sssl) using lisrel data from the boys town study of adolescent substance use.
- Explains that the results of the regression analyses exhibited solid support for social learning theory on alcohol and drug use.
- Concludes that social learning theory warrants consideration as a general theory for criminal deviance. future tests should focus on more hardcore drugs and include longitudinal studies.
- Describes the research design used to test their hypothesis of the social structure and social learning model (sssl) using lisrel data from the boys town study of adolescent substance use.
- Explains the results of the model estimation: (1) a positive relationship between age and substance abuse (marijuana and alcohol); (2) gender, family, and community size were significantly weak relationships; (3) substance use to socioeconomic status was only shown in marijuana.
- Explains that social learning theory is an expanded theory of differential association processes and improves it with differential reinforcement and other principles of behavior theory.
- Explains that social learning theory has been incorporated into modern behaviorism on criminology. the dependent variables were abstinence in the use of alcohol and marijuana.
- Explains the research method used for this study. the questionnaire was distributed as a self-report questionnaire to 3,065 male and female adolescents attending grades 7 through 12 in three midwestern states.
- Explains lee, akers, and borg's thesis that social structural factors and effects on criminal behavior are moderated by variables in social learning theory.
- Explains that social learning variables include gender, class, age, family structure, and community size, as well as adolescent alcohol and marijuana behavior.
- Concludes that the study supports theoretical expectations, but cautions and limitations warrant future research to test the theory more fully.
- Introduces akers, r. l., krohn, m. d, lanza-kaduce, l, and radosevich. social learning and structural factors in adolescent substance use.
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- Explains the background of aker's social learning theory and how they believe that he is right. deviance is established primarily in the home before acquiring the deviant association.
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- Explains how learning through differential association will occur early on in life and will be within the family and move on to who they begin to associate with in schools.
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- Explains that a study was done on family violence and sibling abuse testing akers social learning theory.
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- Explains ronald akers' criteria for evaluating a theory consist of seeing that the theory is empirically testable, clearly defining the concepts involved, having the ability to explain the data, and having some usefulness.
- Concludes that akers' social learning theory is the transformation of sutherland's differential association theory with a contemporary touch.
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- Introduces the criminological theory of differential association, which explains the behavior of drug sellers.
- Elaborates on sutherland's propositions in order to provide proof of how differential association theory is relevant to understanding the behaviors of the drug sellers portrayed within the novel.
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- Analyzes how social learning theory, pertaining to its mechanism of differential social reinforcement, can be utilized to develop an understanding of specific behaviors shown by drug sellers.
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- Analyzes the role of differential association- reinforcement as altered by akers in propelling dylan klebold to commit such heinous act.
- Explains that dylan klebold was born to a middle class family on september 11th 1981. his upbringing was like every typical child.
- Explains that klebold was active in the performing arts and computer enthusiast in ken caryl middle school. he was a shy, reserved, and didn't fit in with the dominant jock culture.
- Analyzes the role of differential association- reinforcement as altered by akers in propelling dylan klebold to commit such heinous act.
- Explains that dylan klebold was born to a middle class family on september 11th 1981. his upbringing was like every typical child.
- Explains that klebold was active in the performing arts and computer enthusiast in ken caryl middle school. he was a shy, reserved, and didn't fit in with the dominant jock culture.
- Analyzes how klebold adopted a whole new persona and became influenced by violent video games such as doom and all things german, wearing the swastika in public and heiling hitler.
- Explains that harris and klebold both worked in the same pizza restaurant where they were described to commit deviant acts whenever they felt bored.
- Explains that klebold and harris shared a common hatred of school, which led to the rampage of their high school in columbus in 1998.
- Analyzes how harris and klebold used each other's expertise to build bombs strategically in the cafeteria and in their car.
- Explains that the bombs in the cafeteria did not go off, so harris and klebold stormed into the school and shot all who came in sight. the rampage lasted a gruesome hour.
- Explains that klebold and harris' crime shocked the nation and led to an extensive investigation. theories were developed in hopes of finding the key to stop criminality at an earlier stage.
- Explains that differential association was coined and developed by edwin sutherland and focuses heavily on the idea of the process of learning criminal behaviors.
- Explains that criminal behavior must be learned through interaction with other persons in the process of communication. sutherland indicates that through gestures the conversation elicits stimuli that allows for response from each individual.
- Explains that differential association varies based on the intensity, duration, frequency, priority, and timing of one’s process of learning.
- Explains that a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to unfavorable to violation of law.
- Opines that sutherland's differential association theory was criticized for not taking into account individual personalities and differences in learning, how an individual’s contact with another is measured, nor the role of biology in criminal tendencies.
- Explains that aker's alteration of this theory takes into account the three factors listed above but proposes that behavior is learned based on the principles of skinner’s operant conditioning with classical conditioning as a secondary factor.
- Explains that akers outlines the necessary components for this process to take flight. the group/gang must have normative definitions of what they perceive as right or wrong.
- Explains that akers defines two classes of descriptive stimuli; positive and neutralizing/justifying.
- Analyzes how dylan klebold's actions could be analyzed by the differential association-reinforcement theory.
- Analyzes how klebold lacked opportunities to expand his social network and found himself confiding with eric harris, who led him astray. this satisfies the principle of differential association that crime is learned through association of other individuals.
- Analyzes how klebold's time with harris developed into a strong bond, which induced the "trench coat mafias" which was their statement of rebellion against the social norms and the popular culture.
- Explains that klebold and harris shared commonalities that formed the basis to build their own discriminative stimuli, from the admiration of all things german to their hatred of school.
- Opines that klebold was not as flagrantly psychotic as other school shooters, since his early learning of criminal behavior enhances his predisposed tendencies to act out.
- Explains that crime is an entity that develops in mysterious ways and will always have its footprint in the world. understanding what makes crime manifest at an early stage can help prevent it from spreading and starting.
2357 wordsRead More - Routine Activities Theoryanalytical essayAkers, R, & Sellers, C. (2009). Criminological theories: introduction, evaluation, and application. New York: Oxford University Press, USA.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that theory is a set of interconnect statements that explain how two or more things are related in two casual fashions.
- Explains the six elements that make a theory sound, including empirical validity, scope and parsimony, testability, and usefulness and policy implication.
- Explains that routine activities theory provides a simple and influential imminent into the sources of crime problems.
- Explains that theory is a set of interconnect statements that explain how two or more things are related in two casual fashions.
- Explains the six elements that make a theory sound, including empirical validity, scope and parsimony, testability, and usefulness and policy implication.
- Explains that routine activities theory provides a simple and influential imminent into the sources of crime problems.
- Explains that routine activities theory has four basic elements, time, place, objects, and persons, which are placed into three main categories of variables.
- Explains that the founders, lawrence cohen and marcus felson defined routine activities as recurrent and prevalent activities that provide for basic population and individual needs.
- Explains that cohen and felson developed this theory to explain trends in crime rates. they believe that changes in routine activities in recent years leave a large number of homes left alone during the day and night and place people in reasonably unguarded environments.
- Explains that the routine activities theory is a logically consistent theory. cohen and felson defined the concepts they used, and the proposals they hoped to convey.
- Explains that routine activities theory can be useful to many types of studies and crimes including homicides, hot spots of crime, property and violent crimes, natural disasters and even internet crimes. the theory does have some flaws.
- Analyzes how the routine activities theory demonstrates parsimony by blaming victims for crimes committed against them.
- Explains that the theory is testable because it can be used in many different studies. cohen, kluegal, and land renamed it the "opportunity" theory and tested its propositions with data from the national crime victimization surveys.
- Argues that routine activities influence crime rates by disturbing the union in time and space of the three elements necessary for a crime to occur: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of guardians.
- Analyzes the empirical validity of the routine activities theory using the study by sherman, gartin, and buerger.
- Explains that routine activities theory has been useful to implement policies, while crime prevention through environmental design (cpted) helps with precautions against crime. there is no research reported by felson on designs, site location, lighting, and other methods to deter crime
- Opines that routine activities theorists should propose policies that encourage people to take reasonable and prudent precautions.
- Explains that the routine activities theory is a sound theory based on evidence provided on the six elements of good theory. the theory has brought together its three elements to determine why crime occurs.
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