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Social Control of Cyber Space Our nation's infrastructure is daily becoming much more of an abstract environment due to the use of organized cyber criminals hacking away at our super computer information systems. They are generating unpredictable challenges for law enforcement in discovering the unethical abuse on computer systems and a concentration on the young topic of cyber terrorism threatening our criminal justice system. Our law enforcement continues to invent newer methods to function and learn from this new social phenomenon and define cyber terrorism activity as motivation by the rapid growth of technology as a challenge, dominance, and as pleasure to obtain privileged information for illegal use to intentionally harm others and our information networks as well. Therefore, it is of relevance to explore the behavior of a computer hacker and a cracker; including the control, response, and the appropriate measures to combat this new crime wave, and how the academic community, courts, police, and the scientific government are approaching this radical form of crime. On October 25th, 1983, a hearing was formed by the U.S. Congress on the issue of computer security in the federal government and the private sector. The hearing discussed the level of importance on how serious the United States Government must become in learning to monitor the use of computers and Internet through several knowledgeable witnesses. Susan H. Nycum, an attorney representing Gaston, Snow and Ely Barlett firm's computer high technology group defined computer crime as: "…any illegal act where a special knowledge of computer technology is essential for its perpetration, investigation, or prosecution" (Nycum, 15). Nycum also added before the co... ... middle of paper ... ...and its sociological behavior. (1) Alexander, Yonah. Swetnam, Michael. Cyber Terrorism and Information Warfare. [Vol.1,2,3,4] Oceana, New York: Dobbs Ferry, 1999. (2) Kiernan, V. "Appeals Court Rules That First Amendment Protects Computer Encryption." The Chronicle of Higher Education. 5 Apr. 2000: 1 of 3 Internet: . (3) Master, Web. "Is Mafiaboy Real or a Creation of the Media?" News. 20 Apr. 2000: 1 Online Internet. 24 Apr. 2000. Internet: . (4) United States, Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Computer Security in the Federal Government and the Private Sector. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session, October 25, 1983. (5) United States, Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Security in Cyber Space. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, May 22, 1996.
Whitman, M., & Mattord, H. (2011). Reading & cases in information security: law & ethics. (2011 custom ed., p. 264). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
”Attacks implemented by cyber terrorists via information systems to (1) significantly interfere with the political, social or economic functioning of a critically important group or organization of a nation, or (2) induce physical violence and/or create panic. We define hackers as individuals who (1) wish to access/modify data, files, and resources without having the necessary authorization to do so, and/or (2) wish to block services to authorized users. Cyber terrorists are individuals or groups who utilize computing and networking technologies to terrorize. In this paper, we study the behaviors of two groups of hackers: cyber terrorists and common hackers" (Hua & Bapna 2013).
National and International Security is a sum of the actions taken by countries and other organizations that can guarantee the safety and well being of their population. It is vital for a nation to pre-emptively discover what issues could affect their security, and take action to prevent any detrimental or harmful events from happening. With the development of technology and the transition into a more technologically savvy society, cyber security has become one of the most prevalent and important economic and national security issues that the United States will come to face.
White House (2000). Defending america’s cyberspace: National plan for information systems protection: Version 1.0: An invitation to dialogue. The White House, Washington, DC: author. Retrieved from https://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd/CIP-plan.pdf
In his final foreign policy speech, President Bill Clinton listed among the United States’ top five military and security concerns the development of information warfare (Lacey). Given the importance of information technologies to the American economy and the U.S. military’s dependence on this system, any attacks on the information infrastructure could have severe consequences for the economy and for national security. For the U.S.’s best interests, taking the initiative in defining the limits of information warfare would be beneficial. The current U.S. trend toward concerning itself publicly more with computer network defense than computer network attack has prevented an adequate public dialog on the legalities involved with information warfare. The United States must address this issue before development of information warfare technologies goes much further. Resolving this issue at an international level can protect the United States from future information warfare attacks and present opportunities to retaliate against attackers.
Tan, L. M., and M. Newman. 1991. “Computer Misuse and the Law.” International Journal of Information Management 11 (4): 282–291.
According to Riley Walters, a researcher on foreign and national policy, an average of 160 successful cyber attacks occur every week on various U.S. industries in attempts to gain confidential information (1). Similar to other national security challenges following the 9/11 attacks, cyber threat can originate from unexpected places, resulting in a creation of a dynamic risk to national security. Cyber attackers can come from places such as the intelligence gathering components of foreign militaries or organized terrorist organizations, to any experienced individual. Each have different abilities and operating methods, making their threats difficult to counter (Rollins Henning 1). Year after year, federal agencies report an ever increasing amount
Technology has opened new encounters and opportunities for the criminal justice system. There are so many new practices of criminal activity, such as computer crimes. There are different types of computer crimes that many people become victims of every day. Computer crime is any crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target ("Computer Crime: Chapter 2: What Are the Crimes?", n.d.). Crimes such as data diddling, pump and dump, social engineering and spoofing are computer crimes. Even though these crimes are difficult by privacy issues, the new technology has made investigations and prosecutions well organized and effective. Though views are different on the pros and cons of specific technological changes in the criminal justice system, there is an agreement the system has changed affectedly ("Effects of Technology in Criminal Justice | eHow", n.d.).
In a relatively short period of time, we as a society have witnessed an explosion of technological computer advancements. For instance, today there are over 5 million computers permanently attached to the Internet and at least that many which are only sporadically online compared to only 200 in 1983.3 Based on this wide spread use of the internet, the United States government is desperately attempting to define what constitutes cyber crime and the appropriate punishment associated with the crime. It is very tough to apply the consequences of many of the computer crimes that are being done each day because it is such a recent problem in society. In time I believe it will be much easier to determine who and how people are going about doing illegal activities online, but as of now we don’t have the technology or time to catch all those hackers out there.
Internet privacy and security has become the concern of many individuals throughout recent years. There are a very limited amount of laws that have been enacted to combat computer or cyber related crimes. This has become an issue because as the internet grows increasingly popular so does the criminal and immoral behavior that abounds on it. With these crimes gaining in impact, effectiveness, and frequency, there needs to be more repercussions for these crimes. The United States government needs to increase restrictions on the amount and type of data on individuals from the internet, to prevent the government from invading privacy of citizens and to prevent companies from storing browser histories of individuals, to then sell that information to ad agencies and other companies.
Thomas, Teka. "Cyber defense: Who 's in charge?" National Defense July 2015: 21+. War and Terrorism Collection. Web. 28 Oct.
...criminal justice forces have begun to crack down on computer criminals. In 1989, three computer crime studies weresponsored by the National Institute of Justice. One of these studies examined different organizational approaches for computer crime investigation and prosecution, another documented the experiences of several dedicated computer crime units, and the third developed a computer crime investigation handbook (McEwen 2).
United States Executive Office of the President. (2009). Cyber space policy review: Assuring a Trusted and Resilient Information and Communications Infrastructure. (pp. 1-38). Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Cyberspace_Policy_Review_final.pdf
Computer Crime has become a very large issue in our society today; this paper will look at this issue from a sociological perspective. It will analyze the various crimes that make up computer crime and see what changes it has brought about in the world in which we live in. Computer crime first is a very new problem in our society today and it is crimes that are committed from a computer. These include embezzling, breaking into other computers, cyber porn and various other crimes that have a drastic affect on the society and the institutions that each of us hold to keep our global society running.
The advantages of technology and the internet have led more criminals to use cyberspace to commit crimes. The threat of cybercrime is increasing as globalization continues to spread across the world. While the impact of globalization has led to amazing, new discoveries throughout the world, Internet connectivity has also made cybercrime easier. America and the rest of the world have become more reliant on technology and use it in more aspects of their lives, technology-users make themselves more vulnerable to cyber attacks. Globalization and the growing use of computers in the world have given people a motive to learn more about computing and become more knowledgeable as programmers. As these people learn more, there is a risk that they will use their new intelligence to commit cybercrimes.