Goals:
The goals of this experiment was to synthesize and test soaps and detergents in order to find which one would be the least destructive for the local environmental group to use to clean the birds. We will compare solubilities, cleaning properties, environmental impact, and leftover scum to see which one is the best for the environmental group’s use.1
Experimental Design:
For the synthesis of soap, two liquids, olive oil and vegetable shortening, and two solids, lard and vegetable shortening, can be used. With the liquids, 10 mL of oil is added to a 250 mL beaker. With the solids, 10 g is added to a 250 mL beaker. Then, 15 mL of a 6 M sodium hydroxide and 1 mL of glycerol is added to each lipid in small increments while stirring continually
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To test latherability, a small amount of the soap or detergent was added to a test tube and shaken. The latherability was measured by observing the amount of bubbles that formed. Dispersibility was then tested by again mixing a small amount of the soap or detergent with water. After shaken, the amount of oil globules that formed was observed. The pH of the soaps and detergents were then tested by mixing a small amount of the soap or detergent with water. A pH strip was used and compared to a pH chart to determine the pH of the samples. Cleaning ability was tested for the soaps and detergents by using a small sample of the soap or detergent to observe if it could clean small stains off the laboratory sink. A solubility test was also performed to determine what solvents dissolved the soap or detergent. Water, 1 M NaOH, 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), toluene, and acetone were the solvents that were used to test solubility. A small piece of the soap or detergent was added to five separate test tubes and each solvent was added separately and observed if dissolution occurred. …show more content…
This was done by using a pH strip and comparing the color to a pH chart. Once the pH of the wastewater was found, a wastewater titration was performed. A If the pH of the solution was a base, an 1 M HCl would be used as the titrant and vice versa. The software, capstone, was used to calculate the change in pH and the number of drops that passed through the drop counter while simultaneously creating a graph. 50 mL of the titrant (in this experiment it was HCl) was first placed in the burette, situated above the wastewater. Slowly the stopcock was opened letting the drops flow through the drop counter into the wastewater. The volume of the titrant dispensed over time was then calculated using the formula: [Drop Count (drops)] *
Record the volume of the sodium thiosulfate solution used in the titration, and repeat the procedure in a duplicate titration.
Repeat for each trial. Rinse volumetric pipette with vinegar and drain into the waste beaker. Weigh and record the mass of each 200mL beaker. Add 10.00mL of vinegar into each beaker and weigh them and record their again. Add 50mL of de-ionized water to the beakers and place them under the drop counter on top of a stir plate, submerging the pH meter into the solution. Place the stir bar into the beaker and carefully turn on the stir plate so that the stir bar spins without splashing or hitting the sides of the beaker or the pH
how much base was needed in (ml). Once we titrated all the bottles we then
The next week was dedicated to the titration of household supplies. For this, we used two sodas, Cheerwine, and Diet Coke, as well as dish soap. Dish soap, along with many other household cleaning agents, has buffering properties. A buffer acts as a pH stabilizer. It is a combination of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base combined with its conjugate acid. If a strong acid ion is added, the buffer simply replaces it with a weak acid ion, therefore causing little change in the pH of the solution. Household cleaning products usually have some form of a buffer, because otherwise, they would burn skin to touch. As expected, the two sodas were originally acidic, while the soap was basic.
They are also used in a variety of common products and processes. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a strong detergent used for removing oils and grease and is found in many household cleaning products, face and body washes and shampoos.
Disinfection is applied in water as well as wastewater treatment as a finishing step so as to destroy pathogens but the cause of concern regarding the disinfection process is the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Natural organic matter (NOM) in water has been considered as the predominant DBP precursors. Disinfectants are powerful oxidants that oxidize the organic matter present in water forming DBPs. Chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines are the most common disinfectants used nowadays and each produces its own suite of chemical DBPs in finished drinking water (Richardson, 2003). DBPs so formed pose a threat to human health because of their potential to cause cancer and reproductive/developmental effects. Most developed nations have regulated concentration of DBPs so as to minimize exposure to potentially harmful DBPs while maintaining adequate disinfection and control of targeted
We offer: Eco friendly solutions Environmentally safe and non-toxic detergents A new ion-exchange process, which cuts your dry time to two
My breaching experiment involved three social norms. These social norms forced people to be in an uncomfortable situation and make a decision as to how they should react to it. The first social norm I experimented with was sitting next to someone in an uncrowded movie theater. I chose this because of the awkwardness it caused. At all three of my trials, occurring from 1-9 pm, there were over fifty empty seats at Carmike on February 21st. The next social norm I analyzed was sitting in someone’s assigned seat. This was chosen because I felt it would be engrossing to observe the different reactions fellow high school students retaliated with, all being different races. At Liberty High School I took someone’s assigned seat five different times,
First, hand sanitizer is made up of key ingredients. There is an active ingredient, which is the ingredient that kills the germs. This is usually alcohol, but can be many other things like ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol or a combination of both. “Benzalkonium chloride is another FDA-approved active ingredient in some hand sanitizers. Although it is not an alcohol, benzalkonium chloride also works to kill bacteria and some viruses on the hands” (Jackie). Also, there are humectants added. Humectants are added to hand sanitizer to moisturize the skin. Glycerin and propylene glycol are humectants. They are commonly used in hand sanitizer. From the humicants holding water, they help prevent your skin from drying with frequent use of hand sanitizer because the active ingredients can dry out your skin. There are more ways of hand sanitizer moisturizing your skin. For example, “Isopropyl myristate is an emollient, which is a chemical that seals the skin surface and makes it smoother. It is made from a substance naturally found in nutmeg, coconut oil and some animal fats. Many hand contain isopropyl myristate and moisturizers, such as aloe vera and tocopherol acetate, or synthetic vitamin E” (Jackie). Carbomer and amniomethyl propanol are common ingredients used as binding agents. Emulsifiers keep other ingredients f...
Detergent comes from the Latin word detergere meaning to clean, it is defined as a cleansing agent. Therefore, water itself is a detergent. This essay looks at soap and soapless (or synthetic) detergents. Both substances we use everyday and have a big market commercially, they effect everyone. Soaps are made from natural products and soapless detergents are produced chemically, each having advantages and disadvantages.
The exact results were; Type of water Soap solution required 1st attempt 2nd attempt Average Distilled 0.5 0.5 0.5 Tap 4.5 5.0 4.75 Tap with 1g. Na2CO3 3.5 3.0 3.25 This tells us that Na2CO3 softens hard water. However 1g Na2CO3 did not render it as soft as distilled water. Now our aim is to determine whether increasing the quantity of Na2CO3 added to the hard water softens it more effectively. We are measuring the hardness of the water by the volume of soap solution required to produce a lather.
Titration is a technological process in which a solution, known as a titrant, is slowly and carefully added from a burrette into a fixed volume of another solution (known as the sample). In an acid-base titration an acid neutralizes a base or vice versa. This process is maintained untill the reaction between the titrant and the sample (acid and the base) is judged to be complete. The reaction is judged to be complete when the endpoint is reached. An endpoint in a titration analysis is referred to as the point at which no more titrant is added due to an observable colour change of an indicator. Indicators can be used to find an endpoint because they change colour when the pH of a solution changes and an endpoint in a titration is an empirical approximation of the equivalence point, which is the point of major pH change in the titration sample due to the fact that equal chemical amounts of reactants have been combined at that point. All indicators have a pH range, which is the range of pH values at which the colour of the indicator changes. Thus
Pour 1.40g of NaOH into florence flask and add 350ml distilled water, then swirl it and invert flask five times with parafilm on the top of it. Next, obtained a vial of KHP from the instructor, and poured about 0.408g into three different Erlenmeyer flasks by measuring with analytical balance. Then, fill up about 25ml of distilled water, add 3 drops of phenolphthalein into it and mix them well with a glass rod. Label all solutions to prevent mixing them up. Before the titration began, the buret should be rinsed with NaOH solution and recorded the initial buret reading.
A list of chores is pinned to the refrigerator to complete before my mother gets home from work. So far, I have vacuumed the carpet, cleaned my room, and swept the floor, but the most excruciating chore remains: washing the dishes. Washing the dishes would be quick and easy if I could stick the filthy dishes in the dishwasher; however, the dishwasher is broken. Instead, the mountain of food-covered dishes will have to be scrubbed clean by hand. I will have to prepare the supplies, scrape off the remaining food, rinse and dry the dishes, and put them back in the cupboards and drawers. Washing the dishes is a messy and burdensome process every household must suffer through, unless they want to eat off of paper plates for the rest of their lives.
In this experiment three different equations were used and they are the Stoichiometry of Titration Reaction, Converting mL to L, and Calculating the Molarity of NaOH and HCl (Lab Guide pg. 142 and 143).