Smoking
The first article for review is titled Self-efficacy, Health Locus of
Control, and Smoking. This article studies how the participants confidence levels and health locus prior to entering treatment predicts results of the quitting program. The program is called "Fresh Start" and was conducted in
Victoria, Australia. It consisted of three groups:
(A) those who made an attempt (Stop for one day),
(B) those who met criteria in A, and did not smoke for duration of program,
(C) those who abstained for six months.
Confidence was tested by questionnaires (post, during and at 6-month period). Health Locus is defined by how the participant attributed health outcomes (internal, external or by chance). The results of this experiment showed that those individuals across the three groups who had high levels of self-efficacy was related not to the number of attempts to quit, but the success of the attempts, while "the role of Health Locus of Control [was found to be] complex needing further investigation" (Stuart, Borland, & McMurray, 1994, p. 1).
The second article for review is titled, Sensation Seeking, Nicotine
Dependence, and Smoking Motivation in Female and Male Smokers. This study was conducted using a sample of French smokers (36 F, 60 M) and non-smokers (23 F,
45 M). The goal of the experiment was to study "the relationship between sensation seeking and smoking" (p. 221). The objectives of the study was (a) to see if smokers are higher in sensation seeking than their non-smoking counterparts, (b) to see if there are any gender forces in smoking and sensation seeking, and (c) to examine "in each sex, the nature of the relationship between sensation seeking and smoking" (p. 221).
These three items were measured on four sub-scales, they are:
1) The Disinhibition subscale (DIS) - shows desire to be socially open, extroverted
2) The Thrill and Adventure Seeking subscale (TA...
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...s, 19(3), (p. 219- 227). Pergaman Press Ltd., Oxford,
England.
Crittendens, K.S., Manfredi, C., Lacey, L., Warnecke, R., & Parsons, J. (1994).
"Measuring Readiness and Motivation to Quit Smoking among Women in Public
Health Clinics" in Addictive Behaviors, 19(5), (p. 497-507). Pergaman Press
Ltd., Oxford, England.
Garvey, A.J., Hitchcock, J.L., Heinold, J.W., Rosner, B. (1992). Addictive
Behaviors, 17, (p. 367-377). Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford, England.
Grove, R.J. (1993). "Attributional Correlates of Cessation Self-Efficacy Among
Smokers" in Addictive Behaviors, 18(3), (p. 311-320). Pergaman Press Ltd.,
Oxford, England.
Parrott, A.C. (1993). "Cigarette Smoking: Effects Upon Self-Rated Stress and
Arousal over the Day", in Addictive Behaviors, 18(4), (p. 389-395).
Pergaman Press Ltd., Oxford, England.
Stuart, K., Borland, R., McMurray, N. (1994). "Self-Efficacy, Health Locus of
Control, and Smoking Cessation" in Addictive Behaviors, 19(1) (p. 1-12).
Pergaman Press Ltd., Oxford, England.
Brimelow states in his article “Smoking seems also to offer subtler health rewards to balance against its undisputed risks” (Brimelow 142). A few of these include a reduced risk of diseases such as Par...
According to Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), smoking is harmful for almost each organ and causes many dis...
... An adequate technology to validate self-reports of smoking rates is critically needed. If reliable physiological measures of smoking rate were available, the effects of different procedures in producing abstinence and enduring reductions in smoke exposure could be objectively verified. Most successful ex-smokers quitted on their own and information is needed regarding what types of treatment they view as credible and attractive.
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and worldwide (Centers for Disease Control, 2013, World Health Organization, 2008). Tobacco cessation counseling is a vital component of any public health strategy seeking to decrease mortality, disease and costs associated with smoking. To that end, the Healthy People 2020 Tobacco Use Objectives cover three main areas: reducing tobacco use, instituting health system changes, and creating social and environmental changes (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). Objective TU-10 falls under the category of health system changes as it seeks to open doors for patients to make quit attempts and to pursue tobacco cessation methods by increasing tobacco cessation counseling by physicians and other health care providers.
Public health is a concept that will always be subject to conflicting opinion. Over the year’s different ‘models’ of health have been formulated in order to categorise public health into dominant areas of cause and effect. The two models in which this essay will be focusing on are the Biomedical Model and the Lifestyle Theory Model. Although both models have equally arguable advantages and disadvantages, it is difficult to state either model as being ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ in defining the correct pathway to resolving the central health issues of today.
Encyclopaedia of Children’s (2013) stated that smoking is a form of inhalation of smoking from different forms of tobacco which include cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Cancer Research (2012) and the World Health Organisation (2013) have confirmed that most tobacco products contain very high level of nicotine which can have additive effect and are made from tobacco leaf which are s...
Smoking cigarettes is a detrimental practice not only to the smoker, but also to everyone around the smoker. According to an article from the American Lung Association, “Health Effects” (n.d.), “Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., causing over 438,000 deaths per year”. The umbrella term for tobacco use includes the use of cigarettes, cigars, e-cigs and chewing tobacco. While tobacco causes adverse health consequences, it also has been a unifying factor for change in public health. While the tobacco industries targets specific populations, public health specifically targets smokers, possible smokers, and the public to influence cessation, policies and education.
Walking the streets of Baltimore, the smell of cigarettes was everywhere. I sat at the bus stop and this homeless guy was asking for change while smoking a cigarette. I looked at him and didn’t feel any remorse because he was smoking. I imagined giving him money I had then he will spend it on cigarettes and that will be a waste of my money. I got up and moves about ten feet away from the second hand smoke but then saw a guy selling cigarettes. He has a pack of cigarettes and he is selling two cigarettes for a dollar. After about 10 munities waiting for the bus, I saw the homeless guy going to the guy who was selling cigarettes and bought two cigarettes. I looked at the homeless guy’s face and he was so happy. I
Cigarette addiction is responsible for over four million deaths every year. The question most people ask is why don’t people just put down their cigarettes? Well, the answer to that often asked question is nicotine. Nicotine is a neurotransmitter that targets certain receptors in the brain. It is a chemical messenger that induces feelings of pleasure. When someone takes a hit off of a cigarette, they ingest the harmful chemicals that can cause cancer and other serious health threats. They only inhale these chemicals to get one thing and one thing only, nicotine.
Problem/Significance: Smoking cessation strategies have significantly reduced tobacco use in the general population but these efforts have not reduced rates in individuals with mental illness.
If I had an a high external locus control, I could felt like prisoner of luck, fate, my genetic make-up, or socioeconomic status, rather than feeling that I have control over what happens in my life. However, the test results proved me wrong. Due that I have a high internal locus of control, I often take responsibility for my actions as well as credit for my behaviours. “This makes me more proactive in everything I do and seem to have struck a balance between the two ends of the spectrum, (Locus Of Control & Attribution Style Test - Sample Report, n.d.). Therefore, I constantly tell myself that it is vital for me to try my best, accept and understand my own limits but I should also not give up that easily without a fight. If I perceived myself as someone who lacked control, I may find myself inhibiting motivation, initiative and willingness to take risks. Thus, under such circumstances, chances of success can be diminished. The results of the locus control are a clear indication that I lean towards furthest towards the internal side, which is healthier end of the spectrum to be
Diclemente, C., Fairhurst, S., Prochaska, J., Rossi, J., Velasques, M., Velices, W. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis
Uhland, Vicky. “The Picture of Health.” Momentum 6.3 (2013): 42-45. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
“Dangers of Smoking Cigarettes for Smokers” healthliteracy.worlded.org. Copyright 1995 by Marjorie Jacobs revised 1997, n.d web 14 April 2011
Scientists and health officials have been arguing the detrimental effects smoking has on our health for many years. Smoking can lead to serious complications including asthma, pancreas, lung and stomach cancer due to the large number of carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals) and other various substances added to it. It is a health hazard for both smokers and non-smokers and it is especially harmful to unborn babies. Although smokers claim that it helps them to relax and release stress, the negative aspects of the habit take over the positive. As it has been stressed by the scientists and experts, there are some very severe reasons of smoking but its crucial consequences should also be taken into consideration.