Significant Impacts of the World Wars on American Society
analytical Essay
3280 words
Throughout the twentieth century, both World War I and World War II significantly impacted American society in several ways. From 1917 to 1918, the United States’ involvement in World War I began an increase in the number of women in the workplace that would steadily continue throughout much of the twentieth century. The United States once again played a major role in World War II from 1941 to 1945, and this war is actually seen as a turning point for women in the workplace. During the two world wars, women workers were impacted by discrimination, the danger of the work they completed, and the portrayal of women in propaganda during both world wars, and yet the different time periods of the two world wars led to differences in how women were impacted in the workplace. Although there are several similarities and differences in how World War I and World War II impacted women in the workplace throughout the 20th century, both world wars played a role in challenging the accepted role of women in society. In order to understand how the world wars had such a significant change in how women were viewed in the workplace, we must first understand their experience in the workplace before the wars even started. Contrary to popular belief, women did in fact play a role in the workforce before World War I. In the early 1900s, the number of women in the workforce greatly increased. During this time, it is estimated that approximately one in five workers were women. This statistic is mainly due to industrialization, a period of significant economic expansion that took place from the 1870s to 1900 due to the process of mechanization. Mechanization is the use of machines to complete tasks formerly done by hand. As a result of both mec... ... middle of paper ... ...'s History 13.2 (2001): 154-57. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. Marcellus, Jane. "These Working Wives: Representation of the "Two-Job" Woman Between the World Wars." American Journalism 23.3 (2006): 53-78. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. Musto, R.J. "Struggle, Strife and Sacrifice On the Home Front." History Magazine Aug.-Sept. 2009: 12-15. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. United States National Park Service. "Rosie the Riveter: Women Working During World War II." National Parks Service. U.S. Department of the Interior, n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. "Women at War." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. Yesil, Bilge. "'Who Said This Is a Man's War?': Propaganda, Advertising Discourse and the Representation of War Worker Women during the Second World War." Media History 10.2 (2004): 103-17. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Mar. 2014.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that both world wars i and ii impacted american society in several ways. the united states played a major role in world war ii from 1941 to 1945.
- Analyzes how the world wars had a significant impact on how women were viewed in the workplace.
- Analyzes how both world war i and wwii impacted women in the workplace, citing carrie brown and alice kessler-harris.
- Explains how the us crop corps' women's land army of america helped save the agricultural industry during both world wars.
- Compares how women in the workplace were impacted by the two world wars. propaganda was used to support the war effort and to promote women entering the workforce.
- Analyzes how propaganda produced during the two world wars portrayed women as heroes who successfully completed what was formerly thought of as ‘man’s work’ by using both their physical strength and mechanical competence.
- Analyzes how propaganda encouraged women to take men's place in the workplace during both world wars.
- Explains that america experienced a period of peace and an overall desire to return to the way things were before world war i, but that was not fully possible since the war had such an impact on american society. women were able to achieve the right to vote in 1920 with the passing of the 19th amendment.
- Explains that married female workers played a more prominent role in the workforce between the two world wars. they were criticized for taking jobs from the men during the great depression.
- Analyzes how the "feminine mystique" developed during the interwar period to make housework attractive for women.
- Analyzes the differences between how women were impacted by their role in the workplace during the two world wars.
- Explains that women's entering the workforce during world war ii was not revolutionary because they had already made a huge impact in the workplace during the first world war.
- Compares how women in both world wars were involved in a variety of jobs, including producing war supplies at munitions factories and supporting the war effort through volunteer work.
- Opines that ii as a turning point for women in the workforce." journal of women's history.
- Explains that african-american women faced the most discrimination in the workforce during the two world wars.
- Explains that world war ii was the first time descriptive titles were applied to women in the workforce. rosie the riveter was one of the most popular cultural icons to appear during this time.
Related
- analytical
- explanatory
- Women's Roles in World War IIanalytical essayDuring World War II, this belief changed; women now had to be an essential part of the workforce. Women were desperately needed to replace men at work while they were off fighting the war. Essentially, World War II opened the gates to female work outside the home and redefined women’s role in the paid employment industry. The Second World War redefined Canadian women’s work in the factories as well as typical male jobs. This time period allowed white women and black women to find a place in the workplace.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that women's paid employment in canada has come a long way since they took care of the home and children.
- Explains that during world war ii, women were needed to replace men at work while they were off fighting the war. the second world war redefined canadian women's work in the factories and typical male jobs.
- Explains that during the 19th and early 20th centuries, canada was industrializing. women were excluded from family earning because of an ‘ideology of domesticity’ that claimed that women were to be mothers and housewives.
- Explains that world war ii redefined women's factory work because of the large influx of middle class, unskilled, and married women in the workplace.
- Argues that women were needed in war factories to produce war related materials that were essential to winning the war. this new opportunity changed the socially constructed values of women at work.
- Explains that rosie the riveter redefined women's factory work by demonstrating stamina, physical strength, and mechanical and technical competence. ronnie the bren gun girl demonstrates the same values.
- Explains that during world war ii, women were doing essentially the same jobs as men in the service sector, manufacturing, trade and finance, transportation, and construction.
- Argues that society feminized the work so that it would fit the definition of what it meant to be a woman worker.
- Analyzes how work in the factory was presented as simple work that housewives already knew how to do.
- Explains that if you've sewed on buttons, or made buttonholes on a machine, you can learn to do spot welding on airplane parts, and assembly on time fuses, radio tubes.
- Argues that the feminization of simple household tasks didn't threaten men's titles and kept women inferior.
- Explains how women redefined their roles in the military. women were given special responsibilities such as the "top secret" medical treatment of penicillin and a "relative ranks as officers."
- Explains that the apparition of women in the workplace during world war ii allowed women to form unions, but this was not long-lived. after the war, women wanted to continue working, yet society was forcing them out.
- Analyzes how the second world war did not give all women equal opportunities to redefine their work and their place in the public sphere.
- Explains that black women workers were on the bottom of the hierarchy, even if employers were willing to hire them. their work during the second world war was a step in the right direction.
- Explains that women's work during the war redefined child care and the government had to create programs to help women fulfill their civic duty and family responsibilities.
- Argues that the wartime emergency with its job opportunities has been a godsend to white women.
- Explains that after the war, women were supposed to return to the private sphere of the home. rupp argues that employers moved to restore the prewar sexual division of labor.
- Explains that women's paid labour was essential for world war ii and it was necessary for the function of the war.
- Cites anderson, karen, goodwin, doris kearns, and bondy, renee.
- Describes the topics covered in rethinking canada: the promise of women’shistory.
- Cites sklarand thomas dublin's book, "canadian women and the second world war."
2151 wordsRead More - Women's Role in World War Iexplanatory essayEven though women were needed, trade unions in industries such as ship building strongly protested women doing “men’s work.” Once the war ended, women lost the jobs they were doing to cover for the men while the men were at war. However, because of the strong effort and pa...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that before the first world war, women had to cloak themselves in disguise in order to serve alongside men. this changed during the first war where the u.s. navy and marine corps allowed women enlist.
- Explains that women in the u.s. began working for the american red cross and united service organizations, as well as in factory, office, transportation, and other jobs vacated by men who were off at war.
- Explains that trade unions in industries such as ship building strongly protested women doing "men's work." after the war ended, women lost the jobs they were doing to cover for the men. great britain, the united states, canada and several european countries approved the right to vote for women.
- Explains that although some armed services allowed women to enlist, most women who saw or experienced any first world war combat did so through nursing.
- Explains that russia deployed a substantial amount of female combat troops in 1917, but did not help increase war propaganda like the government hoped.
- Narrates how dorothy lawrence disguised herself as a man to participate in world war i as an english soldier. flora sandes joined an ambulance unit in serbia in 1914. edith cavell cared for injured soldiers while in german-occupied belgium.
- Describes how russian women olga krasilnikov and natalie tychmini disguised themselves as men to fight in the war in 1915.
- Narrates how army nurses helen wood and edith ayres became the first women in the u.s. military to be killed. they were onboard the uss mongolia when one of the guns exploded on deck.
- Describes how genevieve and lucille baker became the first uniformed women to serve in the u.s. coast guard.
602 wordsRead More - The Changing Roles of Women During World War Oneanalytical essayDuring World War 1 over six million men enlisted to go fight overseas, so there were many jobs that were unoccupied. Women took over traditional work that men previously were responsible for. They were responsible of both managing the home and became the heroes of the home front. However, their appearance into the workforce was most of the time greeted with hatred because male workers were worried that their determination to work for lower wages would put them out of work. Women contributed towards the military a lot during the war by working in munitions factories. The type of work these munitionettes did consisted of making explosives, gun shells, and other materials that supplied the war. The working conditions were horrible because the work they were responsible for was extremely dangerous and hazardous to their health. They were constantly surrounded by toxic fumes and had to handle dangerous machinery and explosives. In addition, they were to handle these explosives and chemicals with very limited training, but they were still expected to make them quickly so that the weapons could be shipped off to the men at war. Another common job that women were responsible for was transportation. They worked as bus, train and ambulance drivers. Since ...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the contribution of women to the war effort changed drastically throughout world war one and the 1920's.
- Explains that women took over traditional work that men previously were responsible for, but their appearance into the workforce was greeted with hatred because male workers were worried that their determination to work for lower wages would put them out of work.
- Explains that before world war one, women's rights were limited. they were not allowed to work because they were supposed to be the person that takes care of the family.
- Analyzes how the women of the war were anxious to avoid returning to society's rules and roles. they didn't date and waited until men interested them with intentions of marriage.
- Explains that women's role in society changed drastically from the start of world war one to the 1920'
810 wordsRead More - Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)explanatory essayAt the start of World War II, most nations were experiencing a shortage of resources. In the United States, food, gasoline, and other scarce goods were being heavily rationed, and many government controls were initiated to lessen the economic burden of the war. At the same time, unemployment was at a record low. Wartime production created a huge labor market, eclipsing the available workforce. Due to the military conscription, most able-bodied men were led overseas to fight in the war, so the country turned to civilian workers, including women. Soon, “Rosie the Riveter” had become a national heroine, representing women laborers, who began replacing men in every facet of industry and performing with excellence (Carl, 34).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that world war ii created a huge labor market, eclipsing the available workforce. due to the military conscription, the country turned to civilian workers, including women.
- Explains that military aviation was in no way spared from the deficit of labour and resources across the globe. in 1939, an american pilot named jackie cochran suggested that women aviators could help out in the face of an emergency.
- Explains that cochran proposed a plan that would utilize female aviators in the united states for ferrying new aircraft to air bases, which would in turn free up men to focus on more active roles.
- Narrates how nancy harkness love proposed hiring female ferry pilots as provisional civil service employees, but the selection criteria were far more stringent, and qualified ladies were paid almost 35% less than their male counterparts.
- Describes how cochran returned from england and outlined a training plan to further expand the pool of women ferry pilots. by july 5th, 1943, the wftd program exceeded expectations and graduates began to take on duties beyond ferrying.
- Explains that cochran, an advocate of consistency and standards, provided training to the women pilots that would mirror the training that air force cadets received.
- Explains that the need for women in service dwindled as the war was winding down. displaced male pilots and flight instructors were lobbying for the wasps jobs.
- Explains that congress lifted the ban allowing women to train as pilots in the us air force in 1976. after decades of pressure and intense lobbying efforts, the wasp were finally granted the military recognition they were promised.
- Explains that the first pilot graduated from combat crew training in 1994. in 2010, president obama awarded the wasp the congressional gold medal, the highest civilian honor given by the u.s. congress.
- Explains that women comprise roughly 19% of the us air force and are allowed to train to operate any aircraft in the inventory.
- Cites montagne, renee and myers, sarah parry's encyclopedia of american women at war: from the home front to the battlefields.
678 wordsRead More - Women's Roles of the Great Warexplanatory essayOn July 8th, 1914 the way Women were perceived changed forever. July 8th, 1914 was the start of the Great War. The Great War was not only a vigorous combat fought for fours years, but it was a change in women’s history as well. World War One permitted Women to have the opportunity to labor alongside the men towards the nationwide aim of conquest and triumph. The War allowed the women to get rid of their home life and move into a more prominent role allowing them to change the way society looked at them. The war not only facilitated employment but it also facilitated Women’s Movements. Throughout the 19th and 20th century women pushed for the chance to redeem themselves within and unaccepting and cruel society. Women tried to participate and be involved as much as they possibly could because of the need for their rights. Astonishingly enough by the end of 1914 there was 5.09 million women out of the 23.8 million employed in the military commerce. World War I headed several substantial developments and improvements for women’s history.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the great war was a change in women's history. it allowed women to labor alongside men towards the nationwide aim of conquest and triumph. women pushed for the chance to redeem themselves within an unaccepting and cruel society.
- Explains how the great war helped facilitate women in combat and history.
- Explains that world war one facilitated the final women's suffrage movements and the passage of the 19th amendment.
- Explains that the women who worked in the wars industry created the women's bureau, which was the only agency mandated to represent wage-earning women in public industries.
869 wordsRead More - The 1940's: Women In The Workforceexplanatory essayThe war brought challenges, new jobs, new skills and lots of opportunities for women. Women were needed for jobs that were traditionally deemed for males only. According to Mathis (1994), government propaganda was responsible for much of the change in society’s acceptance of women in
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the 1940's were a turning point for women in the workforce. they were perceived as weaker sex by society and faced social prejudices.
- Explains that government propaganda was responsible for much of the change in society’s acceptance of women in the workforce.
- Explains that women entered wartime jobs out of patriotic pleas, not because of continuity of the working patterns they had established prior to the war.
- Explains that the war highlighted many problems women encountered in childcare and carrying out their duties of being a housewife. the women's actions highlighted the need for change in the gender role.
- Explains that world war 11 brought major changes to the military. in 1942, women were inducted into the armed services. the navy had the waves, the coast guard established the semper paratus, and the marines accepted women.
- States that in 1944, over 100,000 women entered the military service to release men from combat duty. moves were used as part of the propaganda to influence them to join the armed forces.
- Explains that propaganda campaigns were used for many things during the war. hegarty states that women's behaviors challenged gender relations and sexual morality.
- Explains that women's efforts during world war 11 enabled women to break down the stereotypical gender roles. they became free to create their own lives and senses of self.
- Explains that world war ii provided a way for women to do what they wanted. women's efforts in the war left an everlasting mark in american history.
- Explains that women were wage earners, independent, and worthwhile during the war and post-wwii, but their progress was met with resistance. the modern woman: the lost sex was written by marynia farnham and ferdinand lunberg
- Analyzes how farnham & lunberg called for widespread psychoanalysis, public education to reaffirm women's tradition work, government subsidies to women, and the employment of married women to teach public schools.
- Explains that during the 1950’s after the war, there was an upsurge in the economy as a result of the military power held by the united states.
1292 wordsRead More - American Women Liberationexplanatory essayBut the war had changed the perspective of nature of work that women were into
In this essay, the author
- Opines that it gave them a chance to fight for their rights.
- Explains that it has also been criticized that they lost their job right after the war was ended. but not all of them lost jobs.
- Explains that women were allowed to do some so-called female jobs and live life as housewives, but during world war ii they were employed in sex segregation.
- Explains that the war had changed the nature of work that women were into.
356 wordsRead More - The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveteranalytical essayThe film titled, “The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter”, looks at the roles of women during and after World War II within the U.S. The film interviews five women who had experienced the World War II effects in the U.S, two who were Caucasian and three who were African American. These five women, who were among the millions of women recruited into skilled male-oriented jobs during World War II, shared insight into how women were treated, viewed and mainly controlled. Along with the interviews are clips from U.S. government propaganda films, news reports from the media, March of Time films, and newspaper stories, all depicting how women are to take "the men’s" places to keep up with industrial production, while reassured that their duties were fulfilling the patriotic and feminine role. After the war the government and media had changed their message as women were to resume the role of the housewife, maid and mother to stay out of the way of returning soldiers. Thus the patriotic and feminine role was nothing but a mystified tactic the government used to maintain the American economic structure during the world war period. It is the contention of this paper to explore how several groups of women were treated as mindless individuals that could be controlled and disposed of through the government arranging social institutions, media manipulation and propaganda, and assumptions behind women’s tendencies which forced “Rosie the Riveter” to become a male dominated concept.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the film "the life and times of rosie the riveter" looks at the roles of women during and after world war ii within the u.s.
- Analyzes how the government used the media to alternately urge women to give up elements of their femininity like clothes, make up, and men, to enter the labour force.
- Analyzes how the media sustained and enhanced traditional roles and their effective propaganda shaped women's perceptions of wartime experiences to ensure that they would not permanently alter and affect the political hegemony of the government.
- Analyzes how brown explains marx's interpretation of economic rationality and the placement of the state in forthright and direct service to the economy.
- Analyzes how kimberle crenshaw describes the concept of intersectionality where race and gender interact in various ways to shape multiple dimensions experiences for different groups of individuals.
- Analyzes crenshaw's analysis of representational intersectionality where the subordination and marginalization of women of color stems from cultural constructions.
- Explains that racism is linked to patriarchy where caucasian men have the most authority. the war challenged traditional roles by glorifying men against women and creating hardship and false ideas.
1656 wordsRead More - Women's Employment in the 1940sanalytical essayThe 1940s provided a drastic change in women’s employment rates and society's view of women. With the end of the Depression and the United States’ entrance into World War II, the number of jobs available to women significantly increased. As men were being drafted into military service, the United States needed more workers to fill the jobs left vacant by men going to war. Women entered the workforce during World War II due to the economic need of the country. The use of Patriotic rhetoric in government propaganda initiated and encouraged women to change their role in society. Yet, at the end of the war, the same ideas that encouraged women to accept new roles had an averse affect on women, encouraging them to leave the workforce. The patriotism promoted by propaganda in the 1940s, encouraged Americans to support the war effort and reinforced the existing patriarchal society. Propaganda's use of patriotism not only increased loyalty to America during the war, but also, increased loyalty to the traditional American patriarchal values held in society.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the prevailing cultural attitudes about women's proper role might have benefited black women during the war years.
- Analyzes how the war helped black women's role in society and the gains they made. gluck argues that it may have been advantageous to be a woman, due to society viewing women as temporary and men as permanent in the workforce.
- Analyzes how the media portrayed war jobs as glamorous and exciting. rosie the riveter symbolized a romantic, womanly, heroic figure, and strength and perseverance.
- Explains that high war wages helped women improve their economic status, but when the war ended, the loss of their high paying war jobs forced them to take lower paying, often "female" employment.
- Analyzes how marye liked the mechanical work she did during the war, but accepted the cultural message that these were men's jobs that were only temporarily being filled by women. she returned to traditional lower paying work after the massive layoffs.
- Describes marye as a single working-class mother who lost her job at the end of the war due to the economic reality that men returning from war wanted their old jobs back and that the existing patriarchal society supported their claims to these jobs.
- Analyzes how the end of the war brought back prewar patriarchal values of domesticity, despite new ideas and values portrayed during recruitment propaganda.
- Explains that magazines and advertisements refocused on the career-marriage conflict to restore prewar values.
- Analyzes how the post's message to middle-class women reinforced their wartime jobs as temporary and that as men returned women should enjoy domestic bliss and happiness made possible by the war.
- Analyzes how propaganda directed towards women in the working-class shifted throughout the latter half of 1944. the magazine true story no longer published letters of women seeking advice about employment.
- Explains that while black women experienced modest gains during the war, in reconversion, they faced more discrimination than white women.
- Argues that while propaganda was not the sole reason women left the workforce, there is value in remembering and studying the propaganda from the time, because it evidences the patriarchal values held within the society.
- Analyzes how propaganda reflects the desires of the government and businesses to limit women's employment. the removal of childcare facilities created during the war made it difficult for women with young children to continue working.
- Explains that propaganda does not reflect the feelings of women, but the values and ideals reflected by propaganda show the influence patriarchal values held on society.
- Analyzes how patriarchal values prevented the role of women from changing after the war. patriotism encouraged women to enter the workforce and then forced them to leave.
- Explains hartmann, susan m., the home front and beyond: american women in the 1940s.
- Analyzes koussoudji, sherrie a., and laura j. dresser's "working class rosies: women industrial workers during world war ii" in the journal of economic history.
- Cites meyerowitz, joanne, "beyond the feminine mystique: a reassessment of postwar mass culture, 1946-1958".
- Explains mies, maria, patriarchy and accumulation on a world scale.
- Explains that the 1940s provided a drastic change in women's employment rates and society' s view of women. the use of patriotism in government propaganda initiated and encouraged women to change their role in society.
- Explains that many factors affected the changes in women's employment during the prewar period, the war years from 1942-1944, and the post-war years.
- Analyzes the two theories that explain the sudden drop in employed women at the end of the war. betty friedan pioneered the idea that discrimination enacted against women, played a significant role in their departure.
- Explains that patriarchy is based on the rule of fathers, but the values of society reflected the idea of mies' definition.
- Explains that patriarchal values led to society's acceptance of the belief that women took war jobs out of patriotic duty and self sacrifice, not economic need.
- Explains that women's employment rates increased when the united states entered the war. the numbers began to decrease at the end of 1944 and the beginning of 1945.
- Analyzes how the case study of ford motor company in the 1940s shows the drastic differences in women's employment around the war years.
- Analyzes how housewives at ford rose and fell with government propaganda, which encouraged and discouraged married women to enter the workforce.
- Analyzes how women from different backgrounds entered the workforce during the 1940s, and how the government adjusted its campaigns to racial and class differences.
- Explains that employers were reluctant to hire women when the idea of using women as a replacement for male labor first emerged. propaganda aimed at recruiting single women into defense jobs and did not focus on married women.
- Analyzes how government propaganda during the war years used different tactics to encourage women from the working-class to take defense jobs. president roosevelt set up the office of war information (owi).
- Explains how the government used the media to influence the public's views on women working and serving in the armed forces. the government created a magazine bureau with dorothy ducas as the head.
- Analyzes how propaganda promoted women's entry into the workforce out of patriotic duty to the country.
- Analyzes how honey used the saturday evening post as an example of a magazine containing propaganda used to influence middle-class women.
- Explains that advertisements promoted positive images of women doing "men's work". advertisements glorified rosie the riveter by showing women wearing overalls at work and at home.
- Analyzes how the stress of a woman's patriotic duty allowed society to accept women in roles traditionally preserved for men.
- Analyzes how maureen honey used the magazine the true story to represent how propaganda influenced working-class women.
- Analyzes how the class difference between the audience of true story and the saturday evening post resulted in the magazines using different strategies to accomplish the same goal.
- Analyzes how recruitment propaganda increased the positive portrayal of white women, while the representation of black women in the media mostly disappeared.
- Analyzes how gluck describes the life of tina hill in rosie the riveter revisited. while she liked her job at north american aircraft, she also faced overt discrimination.
6013 wordsRead More - Military Gender Analysisanalytical essayWith a growing female labor force during the Progressive Era, it would make sense that the government became more reliant on the female work force. During World War I, the government used propaganda posters, containing images of working as a means to provide a united front and encourage emphasize the impact that women could have on the war. These forms of propaganda continued to become an important aspect as iconic images like “Rosie the Riveter” were placed in cities all over America in order to encourage women to participate in the workforce. After Pearl Harbor, most Americans joined in the wartime effort. For the first time, groups like Women’s Army Corps and the Marine Corps Women’s Reserve took in thousands of women who volunteered for the wartime effort alongside several of thousands of female nurses. In addition to this, women would continue to work past the gender barrier as jobs, such as mechanics and welder, began to take in more women. For the first time, the idea of women working in factories alongside men became socially accepted, primarily due the lack of male workers. Images of “Rosie the Riveter” had a sharp contradiction to those propaganda images used during World War 1 that often depicted a damsel in distress. While some women worked solely for economic growth,
In this essay, the author
- Argues that the idea of a military draft inclusive of all sexes would follow the growing example set by the women who have worked along soldiers since the inception of america.
- Explains how the "nuclear" family became an important aspect of life in colonial america and the revolutionary war became central on all aspects.
- Analyzes how women's participation in wars was not widespread until the world wars, when the government became more reliant on the female labor force.
- Analyzes how the civil rights act of 1964 spurred movements to aid people of all gender, race, and sexuality.
- Argues that combat roles should be inclusive of all, regardless of sex, as the military has opened up all jobs to men and women.
1326 wordsRead More