Signaling System 7
The international Engineering Consortium defines Signaling System 7 (SS7) as "a style of architecture for performing out-of-band signaling in support of the call-establishment, billing, routing, and information-exchange functions of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). It identifies functions to be performed by a signaling-system network and a protocol to enable their performance." In this brief glimpse into SS7, we will try to deliver a useful overview of the many elements and core competencies that make up Signaling System 7.
1. What is signaling?
Signaling refers to the exchange of information between call components required to provide and maintain service.
As users of the PSTN, we exchange signaling with network elements all the time. Examples of signaling between a telephone user and the telephone network include: dialing digits, providing dial tone, accessing a voice mailbox, sending a call-waiting tone, dialing *66 (to retry a busy number), etc.
SS7 is a means by which elements of the telephone network exchange information. Information is conveyed in the form of messages. SS7 messages can convey information such as:
· I'm forwarding to you a call placed from 214-555-1234 to 817-555-5678. Look for it on trunk 067.
· Someone just dialed 800-555-1212. Where do I route the call?
· The called subscriber for the call on trunk 11 is busy. Release the call and play a busy tone.
· The route to XXX is congested. Please don't send any messages to XXX unless they are of priority 2 or higher.
· I'm taking trunk 143 out of service for maintenance.
High-speed packet data and out-of-band signaling characterize SS7.
2. What is Out-of-Band Signaling?
Out-of-band signaling is signaling that does not take place over the same path as the conversation.
We are used to thinking of signaling as being in-band. We hear dial tone, dial digits, and hear ringing over the same channel on the same pair of wires. When the call completes, we talk over the same path that was used for the signaling. Traditional telephony used to work in this way as well. The signals to set up a call between one switch and another always took place over the same trunk that would eventually carry the call. Signaling took the form of a series of multifrequency (MF) tones, much like touch-tone dialing between switches.
Out-of-band signaling establishes a separate digital channel for the exchange of signaling information. This channel is called a signaling link.
In the past, communications primarily consisted of phone calls or typed messages put onto a bulletin board. Meetings were held in conference rooms with information and ideas being exchanged by conversation and on whiteboards or flip charts on easels (Burg, 2013). Phone calls were generally a one-to-one way to exchange ideas and information with some organizations using conference calls, where multiple people could talk and listen during one call. These ideas and communications were then spread throughout the organization by memos and word of mouth. In some cases, members of an organization never received the intended messages. When using these methods of communication, information was spread at a slower and sporadic pace in an organization.
middle of paper ... ... Effective telephone communication is crucial because of the possible dangers that occur while using the devices. Before using any type of technology to communicate with others, be sure you know the main issues relating to it and how to prevent these issues from happening to you. Look into the technology’s ratings and feedback before investing in it; by doing so, there is a greater chance that you will be happier with the outcome of your decision on whether or not to purchase it.
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Another example of simultaneous communication would be when I was giving a talk to the restaurant staff at the hotel I was working for, it was on a Sunday. After the first 30 minutes, while I was speaking, I noticed people starting to fidget, and stop paying attention. I found this understandable, but I still had to say something to draw their attention back. They were communicating to me they were ready to leave.
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In Any form of communication, there is a sender and receiver of the message. The question of whether the message is sent and how the message is received is of vital importance in communication. Communication is successful only when the receiver receives the intended message of the sender.