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effect of the cuban revolution
the cuban missile crisis, and the roles of usa and ussr in cuba
the cuban missile crisis, and the roles of usa and ussr in cuba
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After the Second World War sanctions emerge as a major foreign policy instruments of the powerful nations. Globalization engendered the denunciation of the brute use of force as a primary method of international coercion. Cuba is one of the countries considered as a rogue state by the United States and its allies. The emergence of Cuba as a communist country in the western hemisphere in 1960, and the nationalization of a huge amount of US assets in Cuba by the then new regime led to the sanctions against Cuba. However, starting from the end of the 1980’s the Communist block begin falling apart. Cuba lost its international allies and became helpless both economically and politically in the international seen, and it is no longer a threat to US interests. In spite of this, in 1992 the US congress passed the so called the “Cuban Democracy Act”. The sanctions against Cuba strengthened, and the objectives of the sanctions are also transformed from containing communism to bringing freedom and democracy to the people of Cuba. Still, the multifaceted and half a century old sanctions failed to bring democracy and freedom to the people of Cuba, and now it is time to make a new beginning by lifting the embargos, and engaging with Cuba through public diplomacy, communication and international aid.
The atrocities of the Second World War were great lessons for humanity about the devastating effect of the use of arms. Specially, the development of atomic bombs, and the possession of mutually assured self-destruction nuclear weapons by the United States and the former Soviet Union renders the use of arms unattractive method of coercion. In addition to this the increased interdependence and interconnectedness of the world in different dimensio...
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... 18 April 2014.
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The U.S.’s relationship with Cuba has been arduous and stained with mutual suspicion and obstinateness, and the repeated U.S. interventions. The Platt agreement and Castro’s rise to power, served to introduce the years of difficulty to come, while, the embargo the U.S. placed on Cuba, enforced the harsh feelings. The two major events that caused the most problems were the Bays of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis.
Is the Cuban Embargo a cruel reminder of the Cold war, or is it an important factor of American Democracy fighting the spread of Communism? The Cuban Embargo was a declaration issued by American President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. The embargo was issued because of the threat that the Communist government of Cuba, led by Fidel Castro in 1959, had on American security, assets and democracy at the height of the Cold War. Some 1.8 billion worth of industrial assets were lost with Cuban communist nationalization. (Mr. D’Angelo personal interview) In support, constant influence of the Soviet Union during the early 1960s, particularly the time between 1961 and 1962, led to the creation of the embargo. In addition, the Soviet Union had planned to build a missile base on the island, which drove the Cold War to its height and made nuclear destruction a real possibility. Consequently, The Embargo called for total economic sanctions for Cuba and the institution of a blockade around the island, as shown by the seven-day stand off that followed the embargo with the USSR. Unfortunately, this blockade completely restricted any trade to foreign countries and even restricted travel to and from the island. The shattering of The USSR, or Soviet Union, should have called for the end of the embargo, but instead the federal government, in 1992, further restricted the embargo with the 1992 Cuba Democracy Act and the 1996 Helms-Burton Act. The Cuban Democracy Act was a bill presented by U.S. Congressman Robert Torricelli and passed in 1992, which prohibited foreign-based subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba, travel to Cuba by U.S citizens, and family remittances to Cuba (Lee). Most importantly, the Helms-Burton Act extended the territoria...
The United States embargo of Cuba has its roots planted in 1960, 53 years ago, when “the United States Congress authorized President Eisenhower to cut off the yearly quota of sugar to be imported from Cuba under the Sugar act of 1948… by 95 percent” (Hass 1998, 37). This was done in response to a growing number of anti-American developments during the height of the cold war, including the “expropriation of United States-owned properties on the island… [and] the Soviet Union [agreeing] to purchase sugar from Cuba and to supply Cuba with crude oil” (Hass 1998, 37). Bad sentiments continued to pile up as Cuba imposed restrictions on the United States Embassy and especially when, after the United States “officially broke off diplomatic ties with Cuba, and travel by United States citizens to Cuba was forbidden ... Castro openly proclaimed his revolution to be ‘socialist’” (Hass 1998, 38). The day after this, the Bay of Pigs invasion occurred, but it failed in its job to topple Castro (Hass 1998, 38). Left with no diplomatic options and a failed military attempt, the United States decided that the only way to end Castro’s socialist regime was to sever all ties, and from 1961 to 1996, a series of acts were passed prohibiting the majority of trade and interaction with Cuba. (Hass 1998, 38).
In 1959, revolutionaries nationalized Cuba’s wealth and did not compensate U.S. companies for our efforts to fight against the rebels. They did, however, repay corporations from nations that did not fight. Because of this seizure of our property, the Cuban embargo was put into action. In fact, Cuba is the only country in the western
The sanctions placed on Cuba are not as stringently guarded as they were when first implemented. In today’s society, many US businessmen bypass the sanctions placed on Cuba by traveling to another country first and then into Cuba to entertain business ventures and find quality cigars. It could be said that the goals of the sanctions were met, since Castro’s regime is slowly dying, but this was not due to the sanctions themselves but instead to the lack of monetary income from the Soviet Union.
Frustrated by the economic domination and policing of the United States, Castro started to cut the U.S. out of the economy and find sources elsewhere, the Soviet Union. This eventually led to the end of diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba. Castro’s popularity grew considerably, making him a “heroic symbol of anti-imperialism.” (Charlip)
The dropping of the first atomic bomb marked a turning point in the way nations fight one another. The destructive nature of the atomic bomb changed the course of warfare forever. “The effectiveness of nuclear deterrence is best explained by the fact that it was based on fear unlike other peace-keeping strategies of the twentieth century.” This gradual shift to a “fear based” strategy was in response to the failures of previous peace keeping strategies earlier in the century during World War I and II, including the Wilsonian ideals, the treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I, and the concept of appeasement prior to the start of World War II.
The island of Cuba has been a focal point of American foreign policy since the acquisition of Florida in the late 1800's. Cuba continues to capture America's attention as it is the only existing communist state in the Western Hemisphere. U.S. policy has attempted to topple the communist regime in Cuba since its outset in 1961. Policies designed to incite revolution, destroy the Cuban economy, and starve the Cuban people seem to be at odds with American ideals of democracy and sovereignty. It is, in fact, the very policies that the United States has implemented that have strengthened and prolonged Fidel Castro's reign in Cuba. The relationship between the United States and Cuba is paradoxical in that its very basis is anti-democratic. The United States never has supported the right of the Cuban people to govern themselves and now it has adopted a position of attempting to force on Cuba the political ideals it deems safe. This examination hopes to explain the background of that relationship and the state in which it now exists. Foreign policy in Cuba is fascinating in that it is a story unlike any other in U.S. history. The ability of one small island to dominate the foreign policy concerns of a world power is certainly an subject for inquiry.
Many Cubans deserve to live a healthier life, and having the embargo against them will affect their lifestyle. Cuba should demonstrate a willing to negotiate with the United States by softening some of it’s laws. From my personal experiences, the Cuba embargo has affected the country’s progress greatly because of it’s tight importing laws against the United States. A powerful economic powerhouse like the United states would greatly improve the political and economic progress of Cuba by providing more resources and pressuring the Cuban Communist Party to change it’s laws.
Castro’s involvement with the foreign and domestic politics during the early Cold War period greatly influenced the outcome of the Cuban Revolution. Without the actions taken by foreign powers like the United States and Russia, some events on the domestic front may have had very different results. It is important to understand how every nation’s foreign policies can influence more than just one other nation, and this was especially true for Cuba. It was because of these events that produced the communist Cuba that we are familiar with today.
The Cuban Embargo, also known as “el bloqueo” to Cuban citizens, was declared by the United States in 1960 to eliminate imports of Cuban goods. When the embargo was first set, it was only to eliminate food and medicine, but then on Feb. 7th, 1962 the embargo was extended to all exports. President Kennedy announced the embargo citing, “the subversive offensive of Sino-Soviet communism with which the government of Cuba is publicly aligned” (Galeano). “We have a hemispheric commitment to freedom and democracy and respect for human rights”, said Jose Cardenas, a former National Security Council staffer on Cuba. With only 90 miles of sea between the U.S. and Cuba the embargo chokes off Cuba’s number one trade partner and tourism of the island.
This ultimately led to an alliance with the Soviet Union against the United States during the Cold War, which led to the notorious Bay of Pigs incident of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in October of 1962. While the crisis was resolved with the United States conceding any desire to attack Cuba further, that did not end the tension between the two countries. With the collapse of its USSR dependent in the 1990s, Cuba plunged into deep economic depression. Over a four-year span, gross national product decreased by over half and the standard of living plunged. Since then, the relationship between Cuba and the United States has been plagued by illegal emigration and increased economic sanctions on Cuba and their trading partners by the United States25. In recent years, however, President Obama has reopened Cuba to American visitors and thus has sparked a dramatic increase in Cuba from American business owners. With such a new and rapidly developing opportunity, American businesses must educate themselves on Cuba and its policies, in order to navigate Cuba’s ever-changing infrastructure and maximize total benefit for both
During the 1950’s it was said that a young communist named Fidel Castro threated the revolutionary contagion in the hemi-sphere, he did not want any help while studying the way of Latin America. Which immediately set a spark that would dis-tant himself between the United States (Ford 1). But it seemed that Castro was looking more at Latin America’s revolutions since the Bogotaza riots of 1948-54. His example of the way of the Latin Americans began to leave remains strong. It was said that Fidel Castro went to a meeting in the Revolutionary time to cause trouble in 1959 (Skelly 1). After taking over Cuba, Castro immediately moved himself and other people who were on his side to communize the island’s nation and to turn Cuba in-to a base to
When looking back at the crisis that happened in Cuba, many things can be blamed. A stance that could be ...