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the relationship between gender and crime
the relationship between gender and crime
criminogenic needs for sex offenders
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Sex Offender Population There is no “standard” sexual offender. Child molesters and rapists come from a multitude of backgrounds and are most often seen as law abiding individuals. In most cases, offenders are male; however, there have been cases of females committing sexual offences reported in the past (Schaffer, Jeglic, Moster & Wnuk, 2010). This treatment manual will focus on the male sexual offender population; they may vary in age, from youth to senior citizens. In fact, more than half of the adult male sexual offender population began offending in their teens (Terry, 2004). This program will feature a ‘rolling group’, this allows individuals to be at different stages in the program which will allow for patients to ease into the program at their own pace. Most male sexual offenders plan their crimes in advance; it is rarely an impulsive act. Although in some circumstances, offenders may take advantage of the chance to offend. In most cases, male sexual offenders know their victims and use this as an advantage to find situations in which the victim is vulnerable to an attack (Schaffer et al., 2010). Sexual assaults could include physical violence, overpowering or threats. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy & Treatment Effectiveness Research has indicated that treatment specifically for sexual offenders may lower the chance of recidivism among some sexual offenders (Terry, 2004). This specific treatment focuses on altering unusual sexual interests, modifying attitudes and beliefs that attempt to support sexual offending, increasing empathy and understanding for victims, and teaching skills that help prevent reoffending from occurring and to help offenders lead ordinary lives (Marshall, Marshall, Serran & O’Brien, 2013). Most c... ... middle of paper ... ...to inform the police and the potential victim that has been named. In order to further protect the confidence of the offender; the therapist and offender will under no circumstance been seen together in public (Murphy, 2011). If the two run into each other anywhere outside of the office, they are required to pretend they do not know one another. However, if the offender is comfortable with being acknowledged by the therapist in public, the offender must be the first to engage in conversation. The guidelines listed above exist in order to protect the offender in the therapeutic relationship. Each of these guidelines will be discussed in the very first session that is held between the two individuals. If the offender has any questions regarding the confidence limitations they are free to ask the therapist during any one of the sessions throughout the treatment period.
In the event that a prisoner (particularly a sex offender) does complete rehabilitation, he carries with him a stigma upon reentering society. People often fear living near a prior drug addict or convicted murderer and the sensational media hype surrounding released felons can ruin a newly released convict’s life before it beings. What with resident notifications, media scare tactics and general concern for safety, a sex offender’s ability to readapt into society is severely hindered (554). This warrants life-skills rehabilitation applied to him useless, as he will be unable to even attempt to make the right decision regarding further crime opportunities.
Yates, P. M. (2005). Pathways to treatment of sexual offenders: Rethinking intervention. Forum on Corrections Research, 17, 1-9.
The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics (2011) reveals an estimated 747,408 sex offenders were registered in the United States as of 2010. This number shows an increase of over seven thousand from the previous year. According to Vivian-Bryne (2004), therapeutic treatment for sex offenders is one approach to address the issue of sexual offense and reduce numbers. Although the idea of therapeutic treatment for sex offenders can raise skepticism, a myriad of therapeutic treatment models are available (Polizzi, MacKenzie & Hickman, 1999). This paper will establish the important complexities surrounding therapeutic treatment of sex offenders, including treatment effectiveness, challenges of treatment schemas, and recidivism. Peer reviewed articles regarding therapeutic treatment for sex offenders will be reviewed and the validity of these sources will be discussed.
Sexual assault is an under-reported crime. It is difficult for women to report sexual abuse but it is far more difficult for men. For males, it is exponentially more difficult to report such crimes, thus making it more difficult for victim advocates to present an environment where victims feel comfortable coming forward to report sex crimes. To this end, according to RAINN (2009) male victims of sex related crimes may find it easier to make a first report anonymously, giving them the opportunity to speak to an objective list, specifically trained to address specific and complex emotional issues related to this crime.
It is a common stereotype that all sex offenders have some form of psychopathy, and therefore they cannot be treated, however most sexual offenders do not have major mental illness or psychological maladjustment (Ward, Polaschek and Busch, 2006), therefore it is not impossible to treat them. Finkelhor’s (1984) precondition model was made with the assumption that the psychopathology of an individual will only take us so far in explaining sexually abusive behaviour, Finkelhor states that 4 stages of preconditions must exist before sexual abuse can take place, these are; Primary motivation to abuse a child sexually, overcoming of internal and external inhibitions and dealing with a child’s resistance to sexual abuse, for each subsequent precondition to occur the previous one must be achieved. Finkelhor argues th...
So as you can see here there are many different ideas of why men become sex offenders. I think that they are all very valid, but I found the second book a lot easier to understand and I found that the reasoning behind it was a lot better because you had several situations where you could put a sex crime to a person and see what had gone wrong in the persons life that may have made the offend.
3. Report of the Interagency Council on Sex Offender Treatment to the Senate Interim Committee on Health and Human Services and the Senate Committee on Criminal Justice, 1993
In today’s society, juveniles that commit a sexual assault have become the subject of society. It’s become a problem in the United States due to the rise of sexual offenses committed by juveniles. The general public attitude towards sex offenders appears to be highly negative (Valliant, Furac, & Antonowicz, 1994). The public reactions in the past years have shaped policy on legal approaches to managing sexual offenses. The policies have included severe sentencing laws, sex offender registry, and civil commitment as a sexually violent predator (Quinn, Forsyth, & Mullen-Quinn, 2004). This is despite recidivism data suggesting that a relatively small group of juvenile offenders commit repeat sexual assaults after a response to their sexual offending (Righthand &Welch, 2004).
Cashwell, C. S. and Caruso, M. 2014. Adolescent Sex Offenders: Identification and Intervention Strategies. [e-book] Sage Publications. 1. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/C_Cashwell_Adolescent_1997.pdf [Accessed: 14 Mar 2014].
However, there is not enough research to prove that community notification prevents reoffending. Registers can only deter and trace already convicted sex offenders. However, research on reoffending patterns of sex offenders suggest that most sex offenders have not previously been convicted and released, so registration cannot protect the community from the majority of sex offenders. A Department of Justice study in the United States suggested that sex-offenders have a recidivism rate of 3-5% within the first three years after release. A New Zealand Department of Corrections study in 2008 revealed that over a 15-year period, 73% of sex offenders had not been charged or convicted for further sexual offending. International studies suggest that sex offender recidivate less than drug, property and burglary offenders. Ideas perpetuated in the media argue that sex offenders are different, they cannot be cured and they have high recidivism rates, however these conclusions are based on sensationalised media reporting on high profile attacks. One of the main purposes of a sex offender register is to reduce recidivism, however these studies and more show that sex offender recidivism is not as high a rate as it is perceived to
Witt, P., Greenfield, D., & Hiscox, S. (2008). Cognitive/behavioural approaches to the treatment adult sex offenders. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 36(2), 245-269, retrieved from EBSCOhost
Many resources go into the prevention and management of sex offenders. However, very few effective programs exist that decrease the likelihood of reoffending. Through the use of meta-analyses, Seto and Lalumiere (2010) evaluated multiple studies that examined sex offenders. Emphasis was put on etiological explanations in the hopes of identifying factors associated with sex offending. Seto and Lalumiere’s (2010) findings help in creating effective programs to decrease recidivism rates.
This chapter focuses on the Wolvercote Clinic, a positive treatment facility for high risk sex offenders to gain skills to assist them in their rehabilitation process and prepare them for life in the community. The authors acknowledge that it is essential for offenders to be taught skills in recognising and dealing with emotional and physical risk factors, managing feelings, developing social and positive thinking skills as well as sexual fantasy management. The authors argue that without the teaching of these skills in the facility, sexual offenders will find it challenging to reintegrate into the community which could lead to offence relapse. This chapter was useful in identifying key skills that sex offenders must obtain before being released into the community to heighten the chances of success and for that reason it could assist me in my role as a probation and parole officer in my scenario (nine).
Sex offenders have been a serious problem for our legal system at all levels, not to mention those who have been their victims. There are 43,000 inmates in prison for sexual offenses while each year in this country over 510,000 children are sexually assaulted(Oakes 99). The latter statistic, in its context, does not convey the severity of the situation. Each year 510,000 children have their childhood's destroyed, possibly on more than one occasion, and are faced with dealing with the assault for the rest of their lives. Sadly, many of those assaults are perpetrated by people who have already been through the correctional system only to victimize again. Sex offenders, as a class of criminals, are nine times more likely to repeat their crimes(Oakes 99). This presents a
One of the main things that I learned and impacted me from many of our discussions was when you would keep reiterating the fact that those who commit these sex crime do so partially in order to show their dominance but what I never thought about was the fact they showed their dominance with the act of sex. Probably the entire semester this was something that I just could not wrap my head around. I definitely do believe that sexual assault has very little to do with attraction, desire, or sexual power. I think that the need for a man to maintain power and control are the compelling factors under which many sexual assaults do occur. Those who commit sexual assault do so out of the need to dominate, exploit, and degrade their victims. This was made very clear in the Telling and One Hour in Paris, with how both women were violated. In both stories, the men that sexually assaulted both women made it clear to their victims that they were in control of the entire situation and the women felt powerless, both women were told that if they told or screamed that they would be killed. The women were also even humiliated, for example in One Hour in Paris; she was forced to perform oral sex on Ronald even though he knew she was gaging the entire he made her do it multiple times just to prove to her that he can do what he wants to her and there was nothing she could have done about it at the time. Doing this makes her feel humiliated and helpless because she was unable fight against her attacker. Professor, I do agree with you when you said, there is something about the sex aspect of it, which persuades more may people to show