Madisen Pavone Mrs. Nice GCU114 Research Paper 5 September 2017 BALI, INDONESIA Bali’s history, as a whole, has been populated with such a vast and wide-ranged group of people; around 250 ethnic groups now. To make things more difficult, their recorded history is tremendously scant. When researching the settlement of this country, various answers were given. It is believed that Bali was “the final frontier in the mainland” (Planet, L). As a result, making it a magnet for human immigration because of its beauty and amount of land available. It was an attraction during the pre-ice age era! Furthermore, because there was an abundant amount of people coming into the country at once. Researchers found copious amounts of diverse-shaped skulls and The Balinese people were not too worried about importing goods or cash crops the Majapahit Empire brought them. Bali, Indonesia has an extremely unique landscape. Due to the volcanoes, it makes the land rich in soil development and enrichment. This made it easier for them to plant crops and grow the goods they needed. Not only the soil rich, Indonesia’s consistent monsoon climate on top of its almost perfectly even distribution of rainfall allows the same crops (such as rice, maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, and soy beans) to grow throughout the entire country. This makes it easier on them. They do not have to travel to get a certain crop! They were resourceful because they could travel easily and plant foods they needed to It can determine whether the climate would be dry or humid. Depending on the climate, it will determine what crops you can and cannot grow or what animals will be living in that area. If you looked at the map on question 8, you will the effect humidity vs dry weather and what happens depending on rainfall. For example, about half of Indonesia’s population lives in rural areas. A main rural settlement pattern is the volcanoes. They are a leading role in soil development and augmentation. As a result, creating a strong association between agricultural development, density of population, and location of volcanoes. However, where there’s an even greater concentration of active volcanoes in south-east located by Java, the soil is full of volcanic ash and debris. The same pattern occurs in northern Sumatra, the soil is high-quality and great for farming or growing crops. However, if you go down south Madura, all the volcanic eruptions flow into the soil making it harder for the people to grow goods. Another key point that was brought up in the previous assignment was human wealth and success depend on interaction with the environment. Indonesia is well known for their rich soil and natural gases, oil, and coal. The bulk of Indonesia’s electrical power is generated from fossil fuels. They saved more money and could spend it on importing goods they needed. In addition, they could mine and
The concept of ‘Just Sustainability’ incorporates not only environmental sustainability but also a need to strive towards social justice and equity. According to Agyeman sustainability is “the need to ensure a better quality of life for all, now and into the future, in a just and equitable manner, while living within the limits of supporting ecosystems.” (Agyeman et al. 2003 as cited in Agyeman 2005: 43) Both the desire for sustainability and development can be cause for many social justice and human equity issues, but in order to fulfil the idea of ‘Just Sustainability,’ all of these things need to be taken into account. (Agyeman 2005: 43) An example of how social justice and equity needs to be addressed alongside a sustainability plan for the environment is the deforestation of rainforests in Indonesia.
A telling example of the complex interactions between a culture and its surroundings is the relative fates of two Pacific islands: Easter Island and Tikopia. Although it would be impossible to pin-point a simple cause-an...
Cultural landscape being the translation of the innateness of man’s respect towards nature is also thus a dynamic or ever changing phenomenon. One of the best examples of cultural landscape could be the growth and evolution of settlements over time. Settlements manifest the same on a macro level. Considering the settlements in the Goan lands of India ,though the morphology of settlements is broadly influenced by any governing factors like socio-cultural influences, cultural changes, technological innovations, the beginning of any human civilization is marked by the evaluation of the geographical parameters(2). The watersheds/ geographical features and character of the site, shape the occupation of the people and their livelihood. Groups of people whose life revolves around their occupation, tend to stay around the agricultural precincts thus growing along the boundaries over the years. This hands a certain character to the settlement which is more physically determinist. Geography of the place acts as the determinant of the form and structure of the settlement. However there are places where the culture takes over the physical characters of the settlements. The Greek settlements
It can be the right climate and farming.Wheat and sago are the two main food sources.
The Indonesian people descended from the Melay people. Before being imperialized the country had distinct social, political, and economic customs as well as a large indigenous population. They had a developed society with a wet field rice cultivation system. They had enough knowledge of navigation to allow them to trade their biggest exports⏤sugar, ivory, spices, and cotton cloth⏤with China, India, and Ceylon. Islam was brought to Indonesia in the 13th century t...
The Polynesian peoples have a lifestyle quite different than that of any other culture, as living on an island requires a level of flexible adaptability in order to cope with such a different, sometimes difficult environment. We see the way diverse cultures build their lives around their circumstances and how they respect them in their cultural myths and stories. The Polynesian legends emphasize the physical environment that they live in. They are quite different than any other region in the world, but the beauty and individuality of the Polynesian culture is prominent as seen in their mythology.
Covarrubias, M., & Luce, C. B. (2006). Island of Bali. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. (Original work published 1937)
1998-1999 World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment. Environmental Change and Human Health. A Joint Publication by the World Resources Institute, the World Bank, the United Nations Environmental Programme, and the United Nations Development Programme. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 1998.
Samoa is constituted of a group of islands located in the southern Pacific Ocean only a few miles away from the American island of Hawaii and New Zealand. In total, Samoa covers about 2,934 Square kilometres of land (Palenapa, 1993). The majority of Samoans live in these islands. Millions of others, however, live in other countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America among others. Although no culture can be said to be superior to the rest, the Samoan culture is one of the most prestigious ones in the world. This research provides an in-depth analysis of the Samoan culture. The analysis covers a wide array of cultural aspects, including foods, language, religion, social systems, etc. The primary aim of this
World Commission on Environment and Development (1987, p.43 as cited in Baker, 2006) defined ‘sustainable development’ as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. It is a crucial necessity for Brunei Darussalam to become a sustainable country. This is for the sake of Brunei in managing its natural resources while in unison promoting economic prosperity at the best. Although Brunei is still in its initial stage, certain sectors have made remarkable progress in the area of sustainability. Despite the fact that Brunei Darussalam is still lag behind in term of sustainable development but with high commitment and preparation Brunei Darussalam can achieve its main goal of becoming a sustainable country (Dato Paduka Hj. Idris Hj. Abas, 2009). To achieve this goal, I will address some of sustainable development strategies or initiatives in a number of fundamental areas, environments and energy resources. On top of this, I will also describe a few challenges Brunei Darussalam has to confront in attaining sustainable development.
Till today rice, wheat, and corn, do not form the staple food for the vast majority of Papua New Guineans. Their carbohydrate needs are still fulfilled by sweet potato, taro, yams, sago and bananas. Agriculture began in Papua New Guinea (PNG) about 10,000 years ago as shown by archaeological research where starch was found on stone tools excavated in Kuk in western highlands. It suggested that taro was cultivated in Kuk at that time. A number of staple food crops such as banana, sago, taro, greater yam, highland and lowland pitpits etc. were domesticated by the people of New Guinea area thousands of years ago [1]. PNG with one percent of world geographical land area inhabit 5% of the world’s biodiversity [2]. Traditionally, PNG farmers have a culture of actively sustaining this prolific biodiversity through their ago old agricultural practice [3]. In the 1884 colonial period formally started when most local economies depended almost entirely on the cultivation of staple crops as the basis of their livelihood. The crops included sweet potato, taro, yams and sago and these were supplemented with bananas, sugarcane etc. The shift to cultivation appears to have become the dominant means of acquiring food by 1880s [4]. But then, unlike many countries in Asia- Pacific region, Papua New Guinea did not change its food habit appreciably with the passing time. With the progress of development of human society, the new generation Papua New Guineans are showing ostensible preference for grain crop ‘rice’ as the staple food. Here is the relevance of finding suitable rice growing areas in Papua New Guinea in order to discover its inherent potential to transcend into a rice exporting country from a rice importing country. Crop-land suitability a...
Weaknesses that Indonesian currently doesn’t lie in the system and the law that already exist. Indonesia weakness lies in the mindset of each population. Star from the representatives. Those who have been elected by the people are not really striving to escort these goods system. There is only a representative of the people who fought for the interests of the party and personal gain alone. Political costs are very high that only borne by making them have to replace the personal costs incurred. Even worse, they are trying to find loopholes to profit from their position.
Located deep within the vast open waters of the South Pacific Ocean is a nation that is seemingly hidden to the rest of the world. The country of Vanuatu is a world within itself full of cultural diversities, geographical wonders and natural beauty that cannot compare to anywhere else in the world. The natives who inhabit the cluster of islands that make up the country of Vanuatu are proud of their heritage and have strong beliefs in their ways of life. With countless influences from other cultures, they have become their own breed of sorts. Their richness and cultural diversity is one of its main attraction to visitors, who can witness rituals and traditional ceremonies that are an integral part of modern life. Due to the natural boundaries, large open stretches of water, and the jungle and mountainous terrain, tourism is very low, leaving Vanuatu as one of the most untouched native areas remaining on Earth today. By taking a deeper look inside at what all it has to offer, Vanuatu is a county of the South Pacific rich in culture and local traditions that many may soon realize that they need to discover.
M & Weidner. H, n.d states that a countries financial standing is the biggest factor in regards to capacity building for sustainable management of natural resources, it fuels any countries growth in every aspect. A country with a good financial footing will be able to implement capacity building plans for sustainable natural resource management and will be able to maintain and modify those plans as time goes on, this means that many new programs and initiatives can be implemented to help raise awareness of individuals in communities regarding environmental sustainability whether it be through the government or a private organisation. Furthermore Eade. D, 2005 asserts that the finances can become a huge obstacle for capacity building once there is not enough money to fund these plans to grow the skills on knowledge of the people. Spending money on capacity building is could become costly if not budgeted correctly. If there is no money there is almost no chance for capacity building for management of sustainable resources. Lack of government finances is an obstacle for capacity building for sustainable resource management and so is poverty within local communities all over the African continent. There are hundreds of thousands of people in Africa who live in poverty and this increases the strain on the environment. As the amount of people living in poverty increases the toll on the environment increases as well. People living in poverty depend on the land to survive,
‘Development that meets the needs of the present with the ability for the future generation to meet their own needs.’ (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) Sustainable development requires three key components: economy, society and environment, sustainable development can be success through striking balance in those factors. These three components are indispensible, they compel to depend on each other. On the other words, we can only gain a decent and energetic environment and society if the economy is strong with a healthy a stable growth rate.