Shedding a Different Spotlight on the Argument from Design
"Author is to book, as painter is to __________." Anyone who has taken the SAT is familiar with analogies similar to this one. The significance of analogies relies on the fact that analogies not only tell us about the meaning of words, but they tell us about the relationships of the world. In discussing our world, a well-known, much-debated topic has been the existence of God. Many arguments have been presented on both sides of this issue, the teleological argument (the argument from design) is one of the most discussed. This argument is better understood and supported using analogies. The key is to find an analogy that is grounded and plausible enough to stand up to sharp critiques. The teleological argument is a valid and plausible argument, because it allows enough evidence for the relationship of the Creator and the world to be analogous to that of a director and a musical.
The basics of the teleological argument include the statement that the apparent design of the world suggests a Designer. William Paley, the populizer of this argument, uses an analogy that states the relationship of the Creator to creation is like that of a watch-maker to a watch (Rowe & Wainwright 155). The core of this argument is the claim that the design of the world suggests an intelligent designer. It further states that "something suggests intelligence if (1) it serves the sorts of ends that human minds typically propose to themselves… and (2) the results are achieved in a reasonably effective manner" (Wainwright 52). This is the ground where this paper will begin to formulate an analogy that increases the plausibility of the design argument.
The analogy I prefer is theatrical. The participants in a musical play include the musicians, actors, singers, dancers, stage and crew members. Each of these members is an integral piece in the body of the production. The director is the heart-beat of the production. Without the director, there would not be a musical. The director begins the formation of the musical with an end in mind-- a vision. The director uses a variety of methods to convey this vision to the players involved while guiding them in making that vision a reality. The players must cooperate with each other throughout the process and follow the director's instructions in order for the production to even resemble the director's vision.
In conclusion, it is possible for science and religion to overlap. Although Gould’s non-overlapping magisterial claims that creationism doesn’t conflict with evolution, it doesn’t hold with a religion that takes the biblical stories literally. Moreover, I defended my thesis, there is some overlap between science and religion and these overlaps cause conflict that make it necessary to reject either science or religion, by using Dawkins’ and Plantinga’s arguments. I said earlier that I agree with Dawkins that both science and religion provide explanation, consolation, and uplift to society. However, there is only conflict when science and religion attempt to explain human existence. Lastly, I use Plantinga’s argument for exclusivists to show that such conflict means that science and religion are not compatible. It demands a rejection t either science or religion.
The intricacy of a simple time telling device has sparked controversy about the creation of the universe. In William Paley’s “The Analogical Teleological Argument” he argues that the universe must have been created by a universe maker, God, due to its complexity. However, David Hume, provides an empiricist objection by arguing that one cannot prove the existence of a universe maker due to lack of experience regarding the creation of a universe. Ultimately, I will argue that Paley’s argument by design is not sufficient for proving God 's existence because, as individuals, we cannot assume that the world works the way we wish it.
In Pennsylvania, Harriet Tubman became an abolitionist. She worked to end slavery. She decided to become a conductor on the Underground Railroad (a network of antislavery activists who helped slaves escape from the South). On her first trip in 1850, Harriet Tubman brought her sister and her sister's two children out of slavery in Maryland. In 1851 she rescued her brother, and in 1857 Harriet Tubman returned to Maryland and brought her parents to freedom.
Gould continues his base argument on NOMA by comparing religion against science and some of the past disputes between the two subjects. He compares the ideas of an absent clock-winder, to that of one that is ever-present to press it upon the hour to make it chime, which alludes to a later argument of intelligent design versus natural development. (Pg. 49-95) After the clock-makers discussion, Gould discusses two of the largest figures in evolutionary biology, Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley, and a liberal clergyman, Charles Kingsley. Gould talks about the correspondence between Huxley and Kingsley, where Kingsley reaches out to his skeptical friend Huxley with faith and Huxley retorts in turn with natural science against religion. Huxley thanks Kingsley for his condolences, but argues against immortality for humans but not for the rest of the natural world, when humans are but an insignificant speck in the whole of the natural world. Hu...
She was well respected among the army and was thought of as the best woman for the job. She was tasked with several mission trips where that required her to liberate multiple slaves. Prior to the war Harriet Tubman returned to Auburn, New York where she spoke at ladies’ suffrage gatherings. Other great women in American history were also present at these meetings. For example. Susan B. Anthony was a speaker at several of these suffrage meetings. Youthful Harriet Tubman was harmed when master tasked with her long errands that were suited for someone ways past her age and ability. The flashback of her two sisters being taken away from her and sold off in a slave trade remained in Harriet Tubman’s mind for the rest of her life. As an adolescent, Harriet Tubman had a hardship brought upon her. She was accidently struck with a 20 pound weight tossed by her furious master on her forehead. This event caused her to suffer a serious recuperation as she lived with the inability to remember simple things for the remainder of her life. For the duration of her life she endured deep sleeps, or uncontrolled rest that conquered her all of a sudden as an aftereffect of the damage received by the weight. Rather than conceding to the reality of the unfavorable situation and giving up hope, young Harriet Tubman elected to turn to God, building up a solid
However, a reward was set for them and the brothers returned. Harriet kept it moving on the path to freedom. In order for Harriet to help rescue others she had to experience freedom on her own before helping free her people. Harriet Tubman wanted to achieve the goal of freedom for herself and her people. Through her learning of freedom she had to build relationships on her journey with different abolitionist and conductors. Upon her reaching to Philadelphia she met conductors of the Underground Railroad who helped her get to Philadelphia to safety. While being in Philadelphia she realized that it was not as safe as it was set to be, but she had to keep traveling until she reached full
At the age of 25 in 1884 she married a free black John Tubman and changed her name to Harriet Tubman(her full name used to be Araminta Harriet Ross). Later fearing she would be sold south she made her escape, to Canada. She still had no rights and her responsibilities were to stay safe, and try to escape.
Her family never left her mind, and in December 1850, when she received word that her niece and her niece’s children were going to be sold, she returned to the south to lead them to freedom. She returned to Maryland again the following spring to rescue more family members and others desiring freedom. On a subsequent trip she attempted to return to where she had previously lived to find her husband, only to discover that he had taken another wife. Deciding that he wasn’t worth the trouble, she instead found a group of slaves who wanted to escape, and led them to freedom. Because of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, she began leading slaves to Canada where slavery was illegal, instead to the northern states where they could be recaptured and returned to slavery. While escorting fugitive slaves to Canada, she occasionally worked with Fredrick Douglass, a former slave and abolitionist. When leading slaves to freedom, Tubman was known to carry a gun to defend against slave catchers but also to persuade those she was guiding to continue the trek and not turn back if they had second thoughts. Over the course of eleven years, Harriet Tubman rescued over seventy slaves in approximately thirteen journeys into slave owning territories. She also specifically instructed over fifty more on the best ways to journey to freedom. In 1858 Tubman met John brown, an abolitionist who advocated using violence to end slavery. Tubman admired his direct action, although she didn’t promote using violence herself. With knowledge of the underground networks of people who condemned slavery, Harriet was a valuable resource To John Brown. She helped him in gathering a fighting force of ex slaves and in planning his raid on Harpers Ferry, although Harriet was not present while the raid took
Later on she tried to escape with her husband and brother, but her husband denied going with her, moreover, her brothers also decided to return, leaving Harriet lonely. Some researchers said that she journeyed at night and disappeared by day and her guide was the North Star. After many years later Harriet remembered, "I looked at my hands to see if I was thee same person now I was free. The...
"AAAS Board Resolution on Intelligent Design Theory." AAAS. N.p., 2002. Web. 7 Nov 2010. .
In this paper I will present two differing views on the topic of the design argument. In particular, I will explain William Paley's view supporting the design argument and Bertrand Russell's view against the design argument. After a presentation of the differing views, I will then evaluate the arguments to show that William Paley has a stronger argument.
William Paley and David Hume’s argument over God’s existence is known as the teleological argument, or the argument from design. Arguments from design are arguments concerning God or some type of creator’s existence based on the ideas of order or purpose in universe. Hume takes on the approach of arguing against the argument of design, while Paley argues for it. Although Hume and Paley both provide very strong arguments, a conclusion will be drawn at the end to distinguish which philosophiser holds a stronger position. Throughout this essay I will be examining arguments with reference to their work from Paley’s “The Watch and the Watchmaker” and Hume’s “The Critique of the Teleological Argument”.
A crew includes a screenwriter, whose job it is to provide the written blueprint version of the entire film. This is basically the starting point for any movie. Next there is the producer. There are many types of producers; executive producers, co-producers, assistant producers and line producers. They all do very different things. Some are the producers are responsible for raising the funds for the movie while others are responsible for the production that goes on during the filming of the movie and still other producers are in charge of what physically goes on the set. Then it is time for the director. The director is in charge of the actors. The director works with the actors to visually bring to life what was written on the screenplay (Fortunato, Who Does What on a Film). Now the idea needs to come together. The idea of writing, “what you know” is not always true and writing, “what you come to know” is in fact a more accurate way to write. Other good ways to formulate ideas are to use existing plays, novels, short stories, life stories, new articles, or even past TV shows and film. When using existing work a person needs to make sure that one secures the copyrights before starting write. Securing the copyrights does not mean one is finished yet. Now a person needs...
School Uniforms are a logical choice for the public school venue. Uniforms prevent students from a lower income background to be singled out for poorly made or cheap clothing, prevents use of gang colors, allows for certain safety measures, and allows teachers to form impressions of students based on actions and work rather than dress code choices.
In Chapter 28 of DeWitt’s book, Worldviews: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science, DeWitt builds on his previous discussion of what the theory of evolution is and the historical developments that were discovered during that time, by introducing the implications that arise with the theory. The two main implications that are discussed in this chapter are implications due to religious beliefs and morality and ethics. However, these two particular implications are not the only ones that arise with the theory of evolution, in fact there are a lot of implications involved with this theory.