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Rise and fall of communism in china
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Dong’s book Shanghai introduces us Shanghai, a city born in greed and humiliation. Shanghai was like “the ugly daughter grew up in the shadow of celestial Empire’s defeat by outsiders in the opium war. (p.2, Dong)” From late 1800s to 1949, “in Shanghai, more than anywhere else in China, progressive-minded Chinese recognizes the need for China to adopt modern enterprises and technology. (p.66, Dong)”
Shanghai, a treaty port ruled simultaneously by three separate municipal regimes, in the first half of the 20th century rose to become China's largest city for many important functions, such as trade, financing, manufacturing, journalism, publishing and education. However, the city had enclaves beyond the immediate reach of the Chinese government, which permitted sections of it to become havens of dissent. The West ruled Shanghai. During 1842-1949, Western countries not only was writing rules for the China and West games played in China but also was changing the rules as they wished.
In 2010, Edward Steinfeld, who is well known for his expertise in Chinese politics and economics, and international business developments, published the book Playing Our Game Why China’s Rise Doesn’t Threaten the West, where he announced “In essence, China today – a country at the peak of its modernization revolution-is doing something it historically never really did before. It is playing our game. (p.18)”
In the past decade, the world has seen the rise of China in the contexts of the soaring levels of exports, the enormous foreign exchange reserves, the extraordinary growth rates, and the utter roughness of the system even in the face of severe worldwide recessions. Many commentators have a certain level of suspicion in viewing this China’s ri...
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...sted itself in the global system, a games written by the West because of the West’s capacity for innovation and entrepreneurship.
For the future, neither the West nor China can play the former game. All the parties have to work persistently to improve their performance. All of the parties may have to corporate to write the rules together.
Works Cited
Collis, Maurice. Foreign Mud, 1946
Dong, Stella. Shanghai 1842-1949 The Rise and Fall of a Decadent City, 2001
Merriam-Webster Dictionary: http://merriam-webster.com/
Mungello, D.E. “The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500-1800” 2nd Edition, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2005
Steinfeld, Edward S. Playing Our Game Why China’s Economic Rise Doesn’t Threaten the West, 2010
Hanes, Travis W. III and Sanello, Frank, the Opium Wars the Addiction of One Emperor and the Corruption of Another, 2002
In his 1937 film Street Angel, Yuan explores the inequities facing Shanghai’s urban proletariat, an often-overlooked dimension of Chinese society. The popular imagination more readily envisions the agrarian systems that governed China before 1919 and after 1949, but capitalism thrived in Shanghai during that thirty-year buffer between feudalism and Communism. This flirtation with the free market engendered an urban working class, which faced tribulations and injustices that supplied Shanghai’s leftist filmmakers with ample subject matter. Restrained by Kuomintang censorship from directly attacking Chinese capitalism, Yuan employs melodrama to expose Street Angel’s bourgeois audience to the plight of the urban poor. Yuan presents capitalist Shanghai as a binary and deeply unequal society, at odds with the “more pluralistic sense of cosmopolitanism” desired by leftist filmmakers of the 1930s (Pang 62).
During the early Ming Dynasty, China was one of the most economically and technologically advanced countries in the world. As Ebrey pointed out, “Europe was not yet a force in Asia and China continued to look on the outer world in traditional terms.” China was regarded as the center of Asia at the beginning of 15th century and the idea of “Middle Kingdom” (Zhong guo) began to take off at that time. The early Ming Emperors were not interested in promoting commercial trade at all. Emperor Hongwu, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, implemented the Hai jin policy which forbade maritime shipping and private foreign trade outside of the tributary system (Ebrey, p. 209). Emperor Yongle, the son of Emperor Hongwu, lifted this policy to a certain extent when he ordered his eunuch Zheng He’s voyages. However, he was only intereste...
This essay will discuss the issue of migration. Migration is movement by humans from one place to another. There are two types of migration, it is immigration and emigration. Immigration is movement by people into the country and emigration is movement by humans, who want two leave countries voluntary or involuntary. Economic, religious, education social and problems are reasons of migration. Mankind often migrates to modern, rich, multicultural countries, towns with high economy and good standard of living such as Prague, Germany, London, Los-Angeles, New York and shanghai. I would like to draw on the city Shanghai.
In the 17th century, China implemented the Canton system. At first, foreigners were allowed to trade both in Canton (otherwise known as Guangzhou) and other ports. This was under the condition that the would have a security merchant to vouch for their behavior (Wills 2006). However, when the English decided to trade in Ningbo to get around having to have a security merchant, the Chinese government closed all ports except for Canton and implemented what is now known as the Cohong system, the system most closely associated with the Canton system (Wills 2006). This system maintained that trade could only be done with those merchants licensed by the government. Therefore, in this period, the Cohong had a monopoly over foreign trade. Although foreigners wanted China to open its ports, the truth was that China really didn't need foreign trade. As quoted by Michael Greenburg in British Trade and the Opening of China, “Had the entire foreign trade of China suddenly ceased in 1877, the economic life of the country would have been affected but very little.” This was due to China's self sufficient economy based on agriculture. The British found this lack of concern for international trade vexing, and according to Greenburg, “[attributed] the obnoxious restrictive ...
With the Industrial Revolution and Age of Imperialism intensifying among Western nations in the 19th century, China faced an impending threat to its ancient cultural values. Pressured to adapt to the changing global environment but fearful of losing its traditional identity, China and its reform leaders have since attempted to incorporate a “ti-yong” distinction between utilizing Western function and preserving Chinese values, most notably in the Self-Strengthening movement beginning in 1860 and Deng Xiaopeng’s economic reforms of the 1980s. The Qing’s attempts at self-strengthening proved unsuccessful with humiliating defeats in the Sino-French and Sino-Japanese Wars in the late 1800s. However, Deng’s utilization of Western market techniques in China’s socialist state proved wildly successful, with annual economic growth of 8-15% throughout the decade. The disparity of success between these two movements demonstrates the evolving political strength of the Chinese state that has revolutionized in its sovereignty and organization since the mid-nineteenth century, providing the foundation for mass reform and Chinese modernization.
Allingham,, Philip V. "England and China: The Opium Wars, 1839-60." The Victorian Web: An Overview. 24 June 2006. Web. 06 Apr. 2011.
Fairbank, John King. The Great Chinese Revolution 1800-1985. New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1986.
The imperial realms of East Asia before the 19th century were largely based on the theory that Asian countries were far better than their neighbors in the West. The nonchalant manner portrayed by East Asian countries towards western technology and culture led China to become unknowledgeable of the Western empires. As a result, China was astonishingly impacted by imperialism from Great Britain during the 1800’s. During the 18th century Great Britain had set up trade off the coast of the Chinese borders to trade British silver for China’s soft silks, fine porcelain, and strong teas. During this period Qing officials overlooked the foreign brokers. By the early 1800’s, however, Great Britain b...
When China Ruled the Seas: The reassure fleet of the dragon throne, (1405-1433) by Louise Levathes
...conomy and capitalist ideals, China was fast to prosper into one of the strongest economies in the world. The staggering rate of annual growth and unmistakably favorable outlook of the Chinese economy not only serves to threaten power-holding countries in this world, but also proves that economic reform is possible without an extensive change in regime.
The Instability of China–US Relations", The Chinese Journal of International Politics 3, no. 3 (2010): 263-292, http://cjip.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/3/263.
China's development is praised by the whole world. Its developments are not only in the economic aspect, but also in its foreign affairs. Compared to other developed countries, China is a relatively young country. It began constructing itself in 1949. After 30 years of growth, company ownership has experienced unprecedented changes.
Wei-Wei Zhang. (2004). The Implications of the Rise of China. Foresight, Vol. 6 Iss: 4, P. 223 – 226.
In the race to be the best, China is clearly outperforming the United States. China has strong economic fundamentals¬ such as “a high savings rate, huge labor pool, and powerful work ethic” (Rachman, Gideon. "Think Again: American Decline). Their economy has grown an astonishing 9-10% over the past thirty years; almost double of what it used to be decades ago. China is also the “world’s greatest manufacturer and its greatest market” (Rachman). The continuing growth of China's economy is a source of concern for not only the U.S. but surrounding nations as well. One could argue that the U.S. need not worry about China’s growth because of the spread of globalization and that western ideologies would influence China to turn to democracy. Yet China has still managed to “incorporate censorship and one party rule with continuing economic success” (Rachman) and remains a communist country. Hypothetically, even if China does resort to a democratic state, this does not gua...
The rise in China from a poor, stagnant country to a major economic power within a time span of twenty-eight years is often described by analysts as one of the greatest success stories in these present times. With China receiving an increase in the amount of trade business from many countries around the world, they may soon be a major competitor to surpass the U.S. China became the second largest economy, last year, overtaking Japan which had held that position since 1968 (Gallup). China could become the world’s largest economy in decades.