Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster were mated in labs 8, 11, and 13 to illustrate how the sex-linked genes are passed on from one generation to the next. This was accomplished by crossing different genotypes. In order to do this, the flies first had to be put to sleep, then counted under a dissecting scope and finally separated in to groups of red-eyed females, white-eyed females, red-eyed males, and white-eyed males. For the F1 a generation my results were 22 red-eyed males, 0 white-eyed males, 47 red-eyed females, and 0 white-eyed females. The expected ratio was 1:0:1:0, which was not far off from 1:0:1.2:0. The F1 b results are as follows: 0 red-eyed males, 20 white-eyed males, 37 red-eyed females, and 0 white-eyed females. The expected ratio was 0:1:1:0. The actual ratio was 0:1:1.7:0, this was a little farther off but I still accepted it. The results of the F2 a cross were 16 red-eyed males, 20 white-eyed males, 44 red-eyed females, and 0 white-eyed females. The excepted ratio was 1:1:2:0 which was exactly the same as the actual ratio, therefore I accepted it. Finally the F2 b cross results were 22 red-eyed males, 20 white-eyed males, 23 red-eyed females, and 15 white-eyed females. The expected ratio was 1:1:1:1 which is the same as actual ratio, thus I accepted it. Each time any part of this experiment was conducted all of the data was observed and recorded. The parental cross yielded the F1 generation and the F1 cross yielded the F2 genotypes and genotypes for both a and b, this was the goal of the over all experiment. All of the expected ratios and the actual ratios in this experiment were accurate.
Introduction
The purpose of labs 8, 11, and 13 is to gexamine the genetic effects of sex-linkage...
... middle of paper ...
... Figure 2.2
Xc+ Xc+ Xc+ Xc
Xc Y Xc Y
Xw+ Xw Xw+ Xw
Xw Y Xw Y
In conclusion to this lab I found that all of my predictions were confirmed and exceptionally accurate for the most part.
Work Cited
Carolina Drosophila Manual. (1998). NC/Gladstone, OR: Carolina Biology
Supply Company.
Mader, Sylvia S. (2001). Biology, 7th Edition. Chromosomes and Gene. (pp.187-200).
New York: McGraw-Hill.
North Carolina State University. (2000). Small Fruit Flies. Retrieved December 12, 2002,
from North Carolina State University Web site:
http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/AG295/html/small_fruit_flies.htm.
Oakes, E.C., Engel, R.A., & Nelson, A.P. (2002). Lab Manual For Biology 112.
Biology Department State University of New York College at Oswego.
This meant that we had to reject our hypothesis for the dihybrid cross which stated that there would be no difference in the observed and expected values. This showed that the F2 generations did not follow Mendelian genetics because it did not express a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. In both our F1 and F2 generations, we had to reject our hypotheses because they did not follow the Mendelian genetic inheritance pattern show by our results above. Because both the F1 and F2 generations of Brassica rapa failed to follow the Mendelian genetics inheritance pattern, there could have been some biological errors that cause this to happen. An example of this is that maybe not every single plant got the exact same amount of water or same amount of sunlight, causing the plants to grow differently and therefore deviate from the Mendelian’s law of inheritance. To prevent this from happening in the future, what could have been done was measure out the amount of water each plant got rather than just watering each plant casually. Also, for the amount of sunlight, steps could have been taken to ensure that each plant would get the exact same amount of light and not get different amounts just because of where they were
revealed that three of the fourteen samples were were homozygous while the other eleven were
-Reilly Philip. Is It In Your Genes. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2004: 223-228. Print
The Kaleidoscope of Gender: Prisms, Patterns, and Possibilities written by Joan Z. Spade and Catherine G. Valentine is a book about the sociology of gender and the construct thereof. The writers use a metaphor of a kaleidoscope to illustrate their interpretations of the topic. A kaleidoscope is a toy consisting of a tube containing mirrors and pieces of colored glass or paper, whose reflections produce changing patterns that are visible through an eyehole when the tube is rotated. Utilizing the similitude of the kaleidoscope, this collection presents gender as a result of always transforming patterns get under way by prisms that underlie change, both straightforward and complex, bringing about an extensive variety of possibilities. The book
Both of these methods can help determine and eliminate genetic disorders, as certain conditions can be screened out using these technologies. As discussed in Meseguer et al., more than 300 diseases have been related to sexual chromosomes till date. Case studies also argue the important role of these methods in family balancing for varied family dynamics who aim to compensate their family with a representation of the other sex (Meseguer et al., 2002). Critics have also mentioned that with an increase in demand, these methods could become more economical and widely available, including to couples who may need it due to medical
Drosophila is a small fruit fly, it is about 3mm long. This insect is a model organism most commonly used in developmental biology and genetics. The Drosophila fruit flies are especially suited in experiments because of their short life cycle which consist of two weeks; they easily reproduce many offspring, and are also cheap1. The drosophila contains four chromosomes that can easily be experimented on, which allows in-depth observation. In this experiment, Drosophila melanogaster were used to identify the properties of Mendelian inheritance. The Law of Segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation and randomly unite during fertilization and is carried by every individual. The Law of Independent Assortment states that each parent randomly passes on alleles to their offspring. Although, the Law of Independent assortment does not take in account the patters of sex-linked inheritance.
Lewis, Ricki, (2014), Human Genetics, 11th Edition, Chapter 12. Gene Mutation. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from
Connell: Chapters 4 “Sex Differences & Gendered Bodies”: I found this entire chapter quite intriguing, but I really appreciate the way that Connell approaches the ways in which males and females differ and yet she also points out how there is no significant difference in brain anatomy and function between sexes. I found the statement by neuroscientist Lesley Rogers incredibly interesting, she states, “The brain does not choose neatly to be wither a female or a male type. In any aspect of brain function that we can measure there is considerable overlap between females and males” (p.52). This statement when paired with information about the affect social processes have on the body it is mind boggling to realize, as Connell states, “biology bends to the hurricane of social discipline” (p.55). It is unnerving to think that I am merely a product of my society. Not only has society shaped my beliefs, values, manners and religion, but it has also shaped my physical body? If I understand this correctly, it is incredibly disturbing.
In this experiment, Mendelain Models are observed. The purpose of the experiment is to understand how traits are passed from one generation to the other as well as understanding the difference between sex linked and autosomal genes. One particular trait that is observed in this experiment is when a fly is lacking wings, also known as an apterous mutation. In this experiment, we will determine whether this mutation is carried on an autosomal chromosome or on a sex chromosome. The data for this experiment will be determined statistically with the aid of a chi-square. If the trait is autosomal, then it will be able to be passed to the next generation on an autosomal chromosome, meaning that there should be an equal amount of male and
The idea of the project was to experiment breeding Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly) to figure out if certain genes of that species were sex linked or not (autosomal). A mono-hybrid cross and di-hybrid cross was performed. For the mono-hybrid cross, white eyed female and red eyed male were placed in one vial for them to reproduce. For the di-hybrid cross, red eyed and normal winged flies and sepia eyed and vestigial winged flies were placed in their vial to reproduce. In the mono-hybrid cross the results expected were within a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Expected results similar to the expected desired null hypothesis proposed with what the F1 parental generation breeds. The potential results would have had to have been within the ratios of 9:3:3:1. The results were clear and allowed the null hypothesis to be correct. The white eyed gene in the fruit flies is sex linked. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings are not sex linked and are examples of independent assortment.
Sex and Gender Arianna Stassinopoulos wrote in the 1973 book The Female Woman: "It would be futile to attempt to fit women into a masculine pattern of attitudes, skills and abilities and disastrous to force them to suppress their specifically female characteristics and abilities by keeping up the pretense that there are no differences between the sexes" (Microsoft Bookshelf). In her statement, we see a cultural feminist response to the dominant liberal feminism of the 1970s. Liberal feminism de-emphasized gender differences, claiming that women were the equals of men and that this would be obvious if only they were offered the same opportunities as men with no special privileges necessary. On the other hand, cultural feminists such as Stassinopoulos claimed that women's unique perspective and talents must be valued, intentionally emphasizing the differences between men and women. A third type of feminism, post-modernism, is represented in Sexing the Body by Anne Fausto-Sterling.
...here’s a possibility that the student did not ensure having the appropriate amount of fruit flies, or there could have been a mixed up with the genders. Some fruit flies could have drowned in the media; there also could have been errors when estimating for the calculation of offspring. For future experiment, another hypothesis could be taking into account the sex of the fruit fly, finding out whether or not the traits are sex-linked.
There is a difference between sex, sex category and gender. Sex is the assigned title at birth based on genitally. West and Zimmerman (1987:127) define sex as “…a determination made through the application of socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying persons as females or males. The criteria for classification can be genitalia at birth…” Sex categories are the categories (male, female) people are placed into on the basis of their genitally. West and Zimmerman (1987:127) elaborate on this definition, “Placement in a sex category is achieved through application of the sex criteria, but in everyday life.” Sex and sex category can be independent
...ses of linkage and to observe that the four different phenotypes produced by a dihybrid cross as aforementioned must occur in an 9:3:3:1 ratio. Correns also implied that segregation was a result of meiosis (Moore, 2001).
In order to answer the question above this essay will discuss in depth what exactly sex is and what gender is and the differences between the two terms. The research carried out will display that we live in a patriarchal society without a doubt as we look at how gender links to inequality in society. A patriarchal society can be clearly seen from the gender inequality in the labour force which is paid labour and also in unpaid labour which occurs in the household. Another area the answer will reflect on is how gender inequality links to education which overall links to society. Finally the answer below will show how the media also portrays gender inequality and how it affects the people in society.