Serotonin Receptors and Transport
Being that Fluoxetine (commercial name Prozac) basically
functions as a selective reuptake inhibitor for the
neurotransmitter serotonin, some discussion of this
transmitter is needed before its reuptake inhibition can be
addressed. Serotonin (5 hydroxytrytophan or 5HT, for short)
is synthesized from the precursor amino acid tryptophan
through the enzyme action of tryptophan hydroxylase (Abelson
& Andrews,1997,p.794). This synthesis process occurs in the
terminal boutons and the serotonin is contained in vesicles
awaiting release when an action potential opens the calcium
gates in the presynaptic terminal. Calcium flowing through
the gate adheres to the vesicle membrane and to the terminal
membrane causing the vesicle to rupture and release the
transmitter across the synaptic gap (Kalat,2004,p.61).
Serotonin has multiple receptor types and subtypes that
are linked to many diverse neurological functions. Beginning
in the 1970’s, radioligand techniques identified two broad
categories of receptors, namely types 5-HT1 and 5-HT2,
however, research has since identified another twelve types
and associated subtypes bringing the current total to
fourteen: 5HT1a,b,d,e,f, 5HT2a,b,c 5HT3, 5HT4, 5HT5a,b
5HT6, and 5HT7 (numbered suffixes represent types, lettered
suffixes are subtypes). These serotonin receptor types vary
by location within the brain, e.g., the highest density of
5HT1A receptors a found in the hippocampus and dorsal raphe
nucleus, whereas the highest concentration of 5-HT2 sites are
found in the medial prefrontal cortex (Abelson et al.
1997,p.794).
Once released into the synaptic gap, serotonin is not
broken down by...
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membrane (Williams et al,1998,p.3291). The exact mechanism
for the inhibition is not, as yet, fully understood, however,
a more complete chemical analysis of the likely processes is
provided in the preceding section entitled “Specific Chemical
Mechanisms.”
References
Abelson, J., & Andrews, P.(Eds.)(1997). Encyclopedia of Human
Biology. San Diego, CA: Academy Press.
Adelman, G. (Ed.)(1987). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
(Vol.2). Boston: Birkhauser.
Kalat, J. W. (2004). Biological Psychology (8th ed.).
Belmont, CA: Thompson-Wadsworth.
Siegel, G.J., Agranoff, B.W., Albers, R.W., & Molinoff, P.B.
(1994). Basic neurochemistry (5th ed.). New York: Raven
Press.
Shepherd, G.M. (1994). Neurobiology (3rd ed.). London:
Oxford University Press.
Williams, S., & Mauro, S. (1998). European journal of
neuroscience, 10(10),3288-3295.
Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2010). Psychology. (2nd ed., p. 600). New York: Worth Pub.
...ieve in something they could not see. However, Lewis states that, “I believe in Christianity as I believe that the sun has risen: not only because I see it, but because by it I see everything else.”
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useful in the relief of mild to moderate pain. It is also used as a cough remedy
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Individuals may believe this new exposure of political debates and facts about the candidates would help the public make an educated decision of their president. However, all of that television has done is turn the presidential debates into a popularity contest. Elections were based on image, charm and how the networks wish to have the candidates perceived. Televisions’ contribution to political debates only emphasized personality, visual image and emotion rather than ideas, issues and reason.
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Lewis’ writings and their relationship to Christianity are perhaps better understood after a basic knowledge of Lewis’ journey to, away from, and then back to his faith. He became a Christian in his early youth but as an adolescent he rejected it. In his autobiography, “Surprised by Joy” Lewis wrote that the strongest argument in support of atheism was this quote from a poem written by Lucretius: “Had God designed the world, it would not be / A world so frail and faulty as we see” (65). As an atheist and a Christian, Lewis always had an analytical way of thinking that contrasted with his imaginative side so well-known for works like “The Chronicles of Narnia.” It might be surprising for fans of Lewis’ fantasy works to learn that Lewis had a great interest in the sciences. He never went too far into the sciences because, as he explained, in all sciences “the lion Mathematics lies in wait for you”...
R. L. Paul, M. M. (1972). The Species of the Brain Research, 1-19. pp. 113-117. S. A. Clark, T. A.
In my medical career, I have been privileged to work alongside some of the most professional, dedicated, knowledgeable and compassionate nurses. I have seen first-hand the difference that they can make in a patient’s life and their family, during those unfortunate times when sickness and injury can be so overwhelming. The appreciation and respect that I have for nurses, as well as their indispensable contribution to the health care system, is what encourage me to pursue nursing as a profession.