The vast content of the World-Wide Web is used by millions. Many users employs a search engine to begin their Web activity. The query is usually a list of keywords, and the result returned is also a list of Web pages that may or may not be relevant, typically pages that contain the keywords [4].
The web of today lacks metadata which can be read by other computers. Metadata is data about data, such that, it would be possible to distinguish between 1984 (a number), 1984 (a date), 1984 (a film starring John Hurt) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (a novel by George Orwell).
Content in the “web of tomorrow” will be marked up with the help of Ontologies. This will make information processing easier for software agents. We shall be able to go beyond the keyword searches.
2.2 The Semantic Web
The Semantic web is not a new resource on the internet but rather, an extension of the current web, where information is given well-defined meaning, thus, enabling computers and people to process it. We need a way that allows equivalent resources to be identified and understood by machines without programming this knowledge into the application software [5]. The Semantic Web uses ontologies as a vital element to mark up and represent knowledge for machines and humans to understand.
2.1 Ontology
The term Ontology is comprised of concepts, concept properties, relationships between concepts and constraints [5]. Ontologies are defined independently from the actual data and reflect a common understanding of the semantics of the domain of discourse . Ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization [3]. It is a representational vocabulary for domain; a definition of classes, relations, functions, constraints, attributes and other objects. Practically,...
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...le Ontology Specifications.
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Semantics is commonly defined as “the study of meaning.” Any subject that covers a wide and diverse subject matter, such as “meaning,” will not be merely understood with a single sentence explanation. To begin understanding semantics, one must have a grasp on its different branches, including, general, conceptual, and lexical semantics. While there are almost endless branches, these three primary examples embody the native elements of semantics.
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unified because reasoning and problem solving may involve several areas simultaneously. A robot circuitrepair syste m, for instance, needs to reason about circuits in terms of electrical connectivity and physical layout, and about time both for circuit timing analysis and estimating labor costs. The sentences describing time therefore must be capable of being combined w ith those describing spatial layout, and must work equally well for nanoseconds and minutes, and for angstroms and meters. After we present the general ontology, we will apply it to write sentences describing the domain of grocery shopping. A brief reverie on the subject of shopping brings to mind a vast array of topics in need of representation: locations, movement, physical objects, shapes, sizes, grasping, releasing, colors, categories of objects, anchovies, amounts of stuff, nutrition, cooking, nonstick frying pans, taste, time, money, direct debit cards, arithmetic, economics, and so on. The domain is more than adequate to exercise our ontology, and leaves plenty of scope for the reader to do some creative knowledge representation of his or her own. 228 Chapter 8. Building a Knowledge Base Our discussion of the