Sometimes it is hard to adjust to new situations, like going from elementary school to high school. Some students struggle with stress and anxiety when adjusting to high school life. Teachers tend to expect more from their students and the grades are more important. Balancing every aspect of life such as grades, friends, sports, clubs, and family can be difficult. There is also the fact that in high school, the student population tends to be bigger and many of the student’s friends from elementary school will not be in the same high school as the student. The student is uncomfortable in this new environment. But, there are other factors that can contribute to a student’s adjustment to high school life, such as peer influence and the motivation …show more content…
Deci and Richard M. Ryan (1975)
The Self-Determination Theory (SDT) represents an outline for the study of human motivation and personality. When looking at a task, we assess it in terms of how well it meets our needs to feel capable and in control. If we think we will be able to accomplish the task, we will be intrinsically motivated to accomplish the task, requiring no further external motivation.
Where a person has a stronger internal locus of control they will feel they are in control of how they behave. When they have a stronger external locus of control, they will think that the environment or others, such as peers, have a greater influence over what they do (Self Determination Theory, n.d.).
Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura (1977)
In the Social Learning Theory, Albert Bandura (1977) states behavior is learned from the environment through the method of observational learning. Individuals that are observed are called models. In society, adolescents are influenced by many models, such as parents within the family, characters on TV, friends within their peer group and teachers at school. They pay attention to these people (models) and imitate their behavior. At a later time they may copy the behavior they have observed. The motivation to identify with a particular model is that they have a quality which the individual would like to acquire. An example would be an adolescent trying to follow the peer models in his or her peer group (Mcleod,
Internal locus of control is how you as a person dictates how their work or personal life is going to go. Meaning the results of something is based on ones behaviors and actions. For example, getting the new job promotion and you knowing that you got the job for your hard work and not because you think, it is out of pure luck.
Throughout the length of schooling, students go through various changes. In their first year of school, children are required to make the transition from being at home for the entire day to being in school for a number of hours a day. These transition periods happen many times through the schooling years, but the most drastic changes occur during the transition from high school to college, where students weather numerous lifestyle changes. While each individual student goes on their own journey, certain themes remain common between different students. Studies are done to look at these themes identifying the numerous differences and similarities.
Social learning theory also has its own limitation. As we know that, nothing is perfect in the world. One of the limitations of social learning theory is the children who watch violent TV shows and some video games that convey bad meaning yet they never imitate it. When a person recognizes that the message is more towards their attitudes, the message take greater possibility to influence the learning behavior of that particular person (Cohen, Shumate, & Gold, 2007). Children are still young and they do not have the ability to differentiate which content of the TV shows are good and which are bad. They think that everyone in the TV shows act like this, so they can also act like what the actors did. The theory emphasis on what is happening with the children rather than how the children interpret the information that is given to them. Simply exposing them to model does not in itself ensure that they will attend closely to them (Bandura, 1971). Not every single child has the attention to concentrate on a single thing. Maybe there are some other things that distracted them from what is happening. Models who possess interesting and winsome qualities are sought out, whereas those who lack of pleasing characteristics tend to be ignored or rejected (Bandura,
The social learning theory “states that behavior is learned from the environment through observational learning” (McLeod, 2011). For instance, I saw my mom getting ready for church and eventually I noticed that she put her hair in a ponytail only on Sundays. Furthermore, after seeing her do this so many times I began doing the same thing on Sundays. As a child, I observed her every move and I wanted to imitate her behavior. Through observational learning, I learned what was socially acceptable by watching my mother’s
Many theories have been thought of over the years to attempt to explain why people behave the way they do. Many questions were brought up when thinking about that and the social learning theory is a popular theory in explaining this. Nobody really thought of the social learning theory too much until Albert Bandura wrote his idea of it. He actually wrote a book called “Social Learning Theory.” In this book, he states that behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning(Saul McLeod).
According to Niesen, transitions can be difficult for everyone, but for young people one of the most difficult transitions is the one from elementary to middle school. At the same time that young adolescents are adapting to hormonally induced physical, emotional, and cognitive changes, they suddenly enter new educational environments that are typically less nurturing, larger, more departmentalized (e.g., going from one classroom to another), more competitive, and more demanding academically. Middle school students are generally expected to be more independent and responsible for their own assignments as well as other commitments ( 2004, p. 163).
Perhaps one of the most significant ways in which behaviors and perceptions are shaped is through psychological factors such as self-efficacy and locus of control. Self-efficacy, not to be confused with self-esteem, is defined as the belief in one’s capabilities to achieve a goal or specific outcome (Kirk, 2016). Those that possess a strong sense of self-efficacy are more apt to push themselves, rather than back down, when confronted with a difficult task. They also tend to be more internally motivated than those with poor self-efficacy. Locus of control is the
To explain this concept, social cognitive and social learning theories are needed. According to these theories, people learn not only from their own actions, but also from the environment. For example, the child tends to follow and show analogous behavior with their parents. Likewise, media can provide information when we organize our perceptions of reality. Albert Bandura, who is a pioneer of the theory, he published Bobo dolls study in 1963 to determine if watching aggressive action on film caused the children to imitate the behavior displayed by the film characters in real-life situations (Albert, Dorothea, and Shella A. 1963). He made the child watch how the adult treat the Bobo doll. The adult showed aggressive behavior and used verbally aggressive phrases. They punched, kicked, sit on it, and threw down on the floor. After showing these behaviors, they left the laboratory. The result was that the children, who left in the laboratory alone, showed exactly same aggressive behaviors with the adult. The experiment means that the child observe what other do, save it in memory and imitate the behavior that what they watched. In other words, media can be one of a model that the children follow as if they act like the adult after watching their aggressive
Numerous theories have been written on human needs and motivation, focusing on psychological and social needs. The Self-Determination Theory holds that there are three basic human needs that must be met for self-esteem and positive well-being: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Autonomy refers to an individual’s sense of choice, initiative, and ownership of one’s behavior; engaging in meaningful and interesting activities is necessary to satisfy this need. Competence is an individual’s sense of power over his or her environment; proficiency in task performance promotes a child’s involvement and determination in task completion. Relatedness is a sense of being connected to valuable people and one’s society; this attachment to others establishes a base for exploring one’s environment. Fulfillment of these needs at all developmental stages relates to a child’s positive emotional affect and results in natural curiosity, desire for learning, and self-controlled behavior. According to researchers Browder, Wood, Test, Karvonen, and Algozzine, “individuals who scored higher on a measure of self-determination than their peers had more positive adult outcomes” (2004, p. 233). Failure to fulfill these needs in children results in poor outcomes, such as reduced engagement, inferior performance, higher dropout rates, difficult behaviors, apathy, distress, and poorer assimilation within social groups (Poulsen, Rodger, & Ziviani, 2006, p. 79; Ryan & Deci, 2000, p. 68; Veronneau, Koestner, & Abela, 2005, p. 280; Wehmeyer, 2004).
Observational learning involves a live, verbal, and symbolic model, which is influenced by the adapted environment. An individual acting out or demonstrating a behavior is called live model. For example, Desalvo would act out in school at a young age labeling him as a live model. Verbal model involves the description and explanation of behavior. Aker theory of social learning states (1966), “people learn deviant behavior by observing and learning from the social factors in their day-to-day lives”(p.146). Desalvo explanation of why he committed his first crime in stealing money is explained through a learning experience from his father. The symbolic model involves fictional or nonfictional characters displaying behavior through films, books, online media and television programs. Based on Desalvo father attitude we can speculate that himself and Desalvo would watch inappropriate television programs, which can contribute to the fathers’
People nowadays are lack on having confidence that they can do something; they doubt their own abilities. Self-efficacy is considered to be one of the positive psychology traits that we should adopt and have. It helps us to achieve the goals that we want; it will lead us to success. A person with high self-efficacy can help to work harder and can make their own motivation to achieve their desires. Self-efficacy determines how people feel, think, motivated themselves and behave. This concept is related to the beliefs that people have about their capacity to complete a specific task. (Bandura, 1993, 1994; Bandura & Locke, 2003). But having this self-efficacy, we should make sure that it is connected on our beliefs and not something that we are opposition to. According to Henry
The definition of the social learning theory is People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” (Learning Theories Knowledgebase ). Most people learn through watching other. As a child, we learn by mocking what we have observed repeatedly. This is how we learn to walk, talk, speak, and to feed ourselves. We also learn social skills from the people around us. We learn right from wrong, we learn what is acceptable in our everyday lives. We also learn societal norms. Most children learn social norms from the family structure. If the family structure is broken or not complete it may cause problems for the children. If the family has only one parent then the family unit suffers. If the child is part of a family that has deviant problems then the child learns that these problems are the norm. This could lead to the child to think that drinking or drugs are normal. It is also a factor if the child observes crime in the family unit. The child learns that crime is normal until they run up against society who states otherwise.
Intrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does for enjoyment of the activity itself. There is no external reward for these behaviors, and it is seen as a prototype for autonomous behaviors. Extrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does to illicit a direct consequence. In some cases, one might behave a certain way to avoid punishment, or alternatively, to receive a reward. Most people are extrinsically motivated to go to work every day. There are four different types of extrinsic motivation: External, introjected, identified, and integrated. For certain activities, Amotivation can occur, which usually has negative effects. This occurs when people’s needs aren’t being satisfied by whatever they are doing. Each of the types of motivation can be located on The Self-Determination
Observational learning says that learning can happen by watching then imitating other people’s behaviors. This theory was developed by Albert Bandura, he and a few colleagues came up with this theory after working several experiments including the famous “Bobo doll” experiment. Observational learning is what we do every day in our daily life’s we watch and then imitate, for example when we go somewhere new and we’re not exactly sure what to do we usually observe everyone’s behaviors and do the same. There is a four-step pattern that Bandura formulated first is attention, when the person notices something in its environment. Secondly, retention is the person remembering what they noticed. Third, reproduction the person attempts to produce and action that is similar to what they noticed. Fourth, motivation is what happens after the person produces their imitation if they are encouraged or discouraged by their model is what determinates if they will continue. An example of observational learning would be a baby learning how to speak, they noticed their parents trying to communicate with them so they try and memorize what they heard then the baby attempts to speak it and when they try and see their parents smiling and clapping for them it encourages them to
Although going to college is considered a significant and positive step in life, it can challenge a late adolescent's personal security, physical comfort, and ability to enjoy gratifying activities. Moving away to college forces students to establish new social support systems and to renegotiate previous relationships with family and friends back home. Aside from establishing new support systems, the new college environment can be intimidating and anxiety provoking for students for other reasons. There are academic adjustments such as examinations, grade competition, large amounts of content to learn in a short time frame, and excessive homework or unclear assignments. There are also life and social adjustments such as becoming familiar with the college campus, public speaking, encountering hundreds or thousands of other college students, living in a dormitory, and having more independence. In