Voltage and reactive power control in distribution networks means appropriate operational planning of on-load tap changer and all of switched shunt capacitors on the network to achieve an appropriate voltage profile and reactive power flow due to the constraints and objective functions are considered in the optimization problem.
The growth of distributed generation based on Renewable Energy Sources in distribution networks, an important influence on the voltage and reactive power control as one of the most important duty of distribution network operator. The small X/R ratio of distribution line and radial structure of distribution network, the effect of these resources on the problem of voltage and reactive power control is multiplied. In addition to this, load level of this network is constantly changing from high to low or vice versa. Science the variable nature of daily load, the network can lead to voltage collapse. To prevent the occurrence of this event, Voltage Stability Index is formulated as one objective function of this problem. The main goal of the daily voltage and reactive power control problem is to find an optimal schedule of the tap position for OLTC transformers and the ON/OFF status of switched capacitors for the next day in order to regulate the feeders’ voltage profile, and reactive power at grid while, at the same time, minimizing the predefined objective functions.
Recently, multi-objective optimization problem of voltage and reactive power control has been considered by researchers [1-9]. For example, Ramakrishna et al. proposed volt/var control in distribution systems In order to reduce losses in the network without violating the voltage security of the system [1]. Yutian liu et al. present the optimal contro...
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...lt/var control problem in distribution system in presence of distributed generators. In other words, the voltage security index, along with total electrical energy losses and voltage deviations, to improve voltage stability in distribution network, is added to the objective function.
2) This problem has been solved with TLBO algorithm. In order to validate the proposed model, simulation of volt/var control problem on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus distribution network is implemented. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the TLBO algorithm, the results are compared with the genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that the distribution system considering voltage security index as one of the objective functions in terms of stability improved. The results show that the TLBO algorithm is more powerful than other algorithms in solving problem voltage and reactive power control.
The Public Service Enterprise Group, Inc. of today began its life as Public Service Corporation in 1903, by the amalgamation of more than 400 gas, electric and transportation companies in New Jersey. The then Attorney General of New Jersey Thomas McCarter was named the Corporation's first president (his brother Robert McCarter succeeded him as the Attorney General) and held he the position until 1939. The McCarter Highway in Downtown Newark is named after him.
My knowledge of engineering is reasonable and includes transformer substations, power plants, power distribution and transmission systems, industrial motor control and PLC programming, protective relay coordination, FACTS devices, grounding systems, Matlab programming and project management. In addition, I possess practical experience performing power flow, short-circuit and relay coordination analyses while using a power system modelling software such as ETAP, EDSA, DigSilent and CYME. Consequently, the aforementioned experience and solid engineering education along with your training will allow me to provide support to operating and new
On August 14th, 2003, a major blackout swept across portions of the northeastern United States and Canada. It was reported that a series of equipment outages in the Midwest led to uncontrolled cascading outages of power transmission lines and generators serving parts of the Northeast, Midwest and Canada. Automatic protective systems operated to open circuits and shut down power plants to prevent further spread of the outages. This is very similar to what happened in The Great Northeast Blackout of 1965. In both situations, the “grid system” shut down one generator in line at a time to protect a surge from the station before it.
A electric grid works as a power distribution system and carries electric powers through different power lines. Since grid cannot store any power anyplace within the system. We got several customers consuming megawatts of power at any moment. At that very same moment, we have got dozens of power plants manufacturing precisely the
The emergence of the Microgrids came after realizing that the architecture of the electricity grid existing nowadays (Figure 1) is getting obsolete, since it is based on the idea of a top-down system, which is predicated on unidirectional energy flows. [ASMUS09]
Analyse the need for selecting the different voltages used for different parts of the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Three Phase Systems Assignment 1 D1 Sean Smith JLR Electricity is the most used source of power in the modern world. We something that is connected too electricity practically all of the time in the modern era from mobile phones to the lighting in our homes. Thinking about where our electricity comes from is something that we never really think about but the cycle that electricity goes through before reaching us is quite a long process.
Vattenfall is a Swedish state owned energy company with 35,000 employees, with over 17,000 working in Germany. Together it produces heat and electricity from six energy sources: wind, hydro, biomass, nuclear, coal and gas. Throughout much of Europe, Vattenfall, has become a familiar name amongst many of the continents consumers. Vattenfall, which is Swedish for ‘waterfall’, has expanded into many countries including Finland, France, Germany, Poland, Holland and Britain, since 1992. Because of this ambitious expansion program, it has become one of the largest wind power operators in Britain and the third largest electricity producer in Germany. Industry insiders were expecting the company to join in Germany’s EON and France’s EDF as one of Europe’s top three electricity producers.
First and foremost, the standby tariff itself is a special rate charged to commercial and industrial customers who produce some or all of their own electricity, but remain connected to the grid. There are many reasons a customer may choose to do this, such as emergencies or the building not being self-sustaining. Unfortunately, the costs and complex regulations associated with this tariff has proven to be a roadblock to the widespread deployment of distributed generation, and in some cases, the tariff alone can be more expensive than being entirely reliant on the grid in the first
I. Introduction In today’s society, the need to have an adequate supply of electricity to run everyday tasks is in greater demand than ever. Everyday we turn our lights in our homes on and off without really thinking about if there is enough electricity to power each and every light. Throughout this paper, we examine Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. In the sum of the electrical potential differences around any closed network, the sum is zero [1].
For the prevantion of the electricity blackout we need to build smart power grid. A modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers is known as a smart grid. This is used to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity in an automated fashion[12]. The important aspects of smart grid is to electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of
In this developing nation consumption of electric power has become an crucial way as without which additional things can by no means come about to occur. The demand for electric power has been increased in recent years owing to the succeeding shortage of power and losses. This standard has to be solved and the causes cover to it has to be control so that efficient use can be made possible. The theft of electric service is an issue that continues to plague utilities across the nation and it appears in many varieties, ranging from experienced electronic fraud to simply never paying a legal bill.
Sortomme, E. & Cheung, K.W. (2012) Intelligent dispatch of Electric Vehicles performing vehicle-to-grid regulation. In: Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 2012 IEEE International. 2012 pp. 1–6.
The report I am going to write about is to do with electrical safety devices and safety practices which contribute in reducing and eliminate specific risks. The workplace I have chosen to write about is electricians in power stations. The report I am going to write is going to show a clear understanding of electrical safety devices and the improvements of electrical safety devices.
The world that we live into today affords us the expectation that the flip a switch will turn the lights on. As populations increase and developing nations undergo dramatic economic growth, this energy demand will only continue to grow. The International Energy Agency (IEA) believes that “the world’s energy needs could be 50% higher in 2030 than they are today” (ElBaradei). Given this projected growth, it is necessary for world leaders must take action to secure the energy supply. Meaning that world leaders need to start seriously considering an alternative to non-renewable energy sources. “In 2012, the United States generated about 4,054 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. About 68% of the electricity generated was from fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and petroleum), with 37% attributed from coal” (U.S. Energy Information Administration). The fossil fuels that are used to supply over half of our country’s energy are in finite supply and are increasing in price to astronomical heights.
Decentralization of energy system is process of dispersing energy or redistributing energy from central location. [1] Currently, in the world large centralized facilities provide final form of energy from primary energy sources, such as oil refineries and power plants. These plants distribute energy over long distances which effect the overall efficiency. Depending upon different factors like health, environmental and economic etc. energy production systems are built away from the cities or near to the cities. Decentralized energy system not only fulfill rural needs but also able to provide centralized energy production in urban areas. [2]