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The overall function and mission responsibility of the Department of Homeland Security
The Department of Homeland Security and the Patriot Act
Social and political responses by the U.S. government after the attack on 9/11
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1.) The major laws and regulations that direct the operations of the Department of Homeland Security are as follows; the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, and the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007.
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 was introduced after the September 11, 2001 attacks and mailing of anthrax. It was signed into law by then President George W. Bush in November 2002. It created both the United States Department of Homeland Security and the cabinet-level position of Secretary of Homeland Security¹. The Act's first responsibility was to prevent terrorist attacks in the United States. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 was signed on December 17, 2004. It established both position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI), the National Counter-terrorism Center (NCTC), and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. The Act requires the Department of Homeland Security to take over the conducting of pre-flight comparisons of airline passenger information to Federal Government watch lists for international and domestic flights. It created the Secure Flight Program for the Transportation Security Administration². The Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 implemented some of the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission including mandating 100 percent inspection of all air and sea cargo entering the United States, and a new method of redistributing anti-terrorism funding. It was signed by President Bush on August 3, 2007.The Act also established grants to support high-risk urban areas and state, local, and tribal governments in preventing, preparing for, protecting against, and respondin...
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... 2011, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/cybersecurity/comprehensive-national-cybersecurity-initiative
13 CNN. (2009, January 22). Obama signs order to close Guantanamo Bay facility - CNN. CNN. Retrieved November 27, 2011, from http://articles.cnn.com/2009-01-22/politics/guantanamo.order_1_detention-guantanamo-bay-torture?_s=PM:POLITICS
14 Office of the Press Secretary. (2011, June 22). Defense | The White House. The White House. Retrieved November 27, 2011, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/defense
15 Lee, J. (2009, May 22). Reform for Our Troops. The White House. Retrieved November 27, 2011, from www.whitehouse.gov/blog/Reform-for-Our-Troops
16 Nicholas, P. (2010, June 22). Obama requests $600 million for border security. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 27, 2011, from http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/22/nation/la-na-border-patrol-20100623
U.S. Joint Chief of Staff. Joint Publication 3-0 Joint Operations. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters Joint Chief of Staff, 2011.
After 9/11 there was a great increase in security nationwide. One major example of this is the number of agencies created as a result of 9/11. Among these agencies include the creation of the TSA (Transportation Security Administration), the DHS (The Department of Homeland Security), the ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement), and lastly the massive advancement of the US Coast Guard. Every one of the budgets of these agencies has doubled since 9/11. The creation of the transportation and security administrations primary goal is to improve the safety of all American Citizens traveling by plane. The TSA started implementing, new policies and new technological advancements.
After the horrendous terrorist attack on the New York Trade Center a new Bill was passed by congress shortly after September 11, 2004. This bill is known as The Domestic Security Enhancement Act also called Patriot Act 2. This bill was designed as a follow-up to the USA Patriot Act to work in increasing government surveillance, detention and other law enforcement powers while reducing basic checks and balances on such powers. By the beginning of the year 2003 a draft of the legislation was available. Amongst the most severe problems the bill diminishes personal privacy by removing checks on government power, diminishes public accountability by increasing government secrecy, and diminishes corporate accountability under the pretext of fighting terrorism. Also the bill undermines fundamental constitutional rights of Americans under overboard definitions of “terrorism” and “terrorist organization” or under a terrorism pretext. Furthermore, unfairly targets immigrants under the pretext of fighting terrorism. (http://www.aclu.org/Safeand Free/SafeandFree.cfm?ID=11835&c=206)
Services for PTSD." Do Veterans Receive Adequate Health Care? Ed. Susan C. Hunnicutt. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from "Court Orders Major Overhaul of VA's Mental Health System." Los Angeles Times 11 May 2011. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 8 June 2014.
...ment of Homeland Security. (2010, January 28). Fy 2011 budget in brief. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget_bib_fy2011.pdf
September 11, 2001 is a day in American history that no one old enough to remember the day will ever forget. Terrorist attacks on the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, the Pentagon in Washington D.C. and crash of United Airlines Flight 93 in Pennsylvania were the events that led to the creation of the DHS. DHS began as the Office of Homeland Security under the direction of Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge in the White House just eleven days after the September 11 attacks. Safeguarding the country from future terrorist attacks by strategizing at a national level was the first responsibility of the newly created office.
The White House. Office of the Press Secretary, 21 Jan. 2009. Web. The Web. The Web.
Prior to education reform taking place, Bush had to address a major tragedy that devastated the country. In response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, the creation of the Department of Homeland Security was implemented to prevent future terrorist situations. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 united 22 other federal organizations to aid in the damage caused by such attacks, as well as making the country stronger to minimize significant damage in the future. Within the department, the duties of agents were divided into four different divisions comprising of border security, emergency preparation, procedures to handle any form of terrorism, and improved knowledge clearinghouse. This reinstated the security for the American people as they
The Patriot Act was signed into law by President George Bush on the 26th October 2001. The act is an Act of congress whose title is a ten letter acronym which stands for “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism” (USA PATRIOT Act 2001). The Act was enacted 45 days following the September 11 attacks. The September 11 attacks on the world trade center in New York catalyzed the enactment of a legislation that would provide law enforcement with greater powers to investigate and prevent terrorist activities. The spirit of the act is founded on the notion of providing all that is required by law enforcement, within the limits of the constitution, to effectively combat the war on terror.
Chuck Goodwin explains, “TSA, which stands for Transportation Security Administration, is an agency in the Department of Homeland Security and is responsible for screening all travelers and their luggage, as well as the screening of all air and rail transportation in the US.” Many travelers know of the them for their increased presence in all airports in the U.S and other major American airports worldwide. After the terrorist attack that took place in September 2001, President Bush and his advisors implemented The Patriot Act. Tracey DiLascio explains, “The Patriot Act is complex, but its major provisions act to improve coordination and communication between government intelligence agencies, removing unwieldy and unnecessary legal barriers between different federal offices and allowing vital investigations to proceed with greater ease and efficiency.” Their idea was to ensure that all intelligence agencies would communicate in a way that would keep America safe. “Steps to prevent events of the scale of those that took place at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, began to fall into place almost immediately...The first outline of a proposal for what would eventually become the USA Patriot Act was drafted just days after the attacks.” (DiLascio) Due to past terrorist attacks, the TSA has implemented security measures in the airports they occupy. “Following September 11, 2001, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was created to strengthen the security of the nation’s transportation systems and ensure the freedom of movement for people and commerce.” (TSA website) These measures include full body scanners and pat downs.
In the 1990s, global terrorism spread into the United States. After many domestic terrorist attacks such as the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center and the 1995 bombing of Oklahoma City’s Federal Building, Congress passed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act in 1996. This Act addressed the need to enhance the enforcement and patrolling process at America’s borders. It also informed the citizens that the government will be investigating and monitoring visa applications and
The concept of homeland security has developed over the last decade. Homeland security as a concept was precipitated by the terrorist attacks of 9/11. However, prior to 9/11 such entities as the Gilmore Commission and the United States Commission on National Security discussed the need to evolve the way national security policy was conceptualized due to the end of the Cold War and the rise of radicalized terrorism. After 9/11, policymakers concluded that a new approach was needed to address the large-scale terrorist attacks. A presidential council and department were established, and a series of presidential directives were issued in the name of “homeland security.” These developments established that homeland security was a distinct, but undefined
The first area is the Department of Homeland Security’s mission. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created in 2002 by the Homeland Security Act. In 2003 the DHS started their operations. The DHS primary responsibilities and objectives includes prevention, protection, and response to issues that threaten national security. There are five core missions that define the DHS: Managing and securing our nation’s borders, strengthening security initiatives to help prevent terrorism, administering and enforcing the nation’s immigration laws, ensuring that the nation can rebound fast and or prevent disasters, and ensuring the internet is secure by instituting safeguards that protect the nation against cyber-attacks. (TWH, 2003)
Over the course of the history of the United States of America, the country has had struggles with its own borders and the protection of those borders. Illegal immigration is a big problem and the smuggling of drugs, weapons, and cash over our borders into our country has evolved into a bigger problem. The United States has over seven-thousand miles of border to cover each day. That is quite a bit of land, but the only problem with this is there is a lack of manpower to cover every single mile of border. The US shares its borders with Canada and Mexico. All along these borders are small communities and cities that are occupied by US citizens. This means that these cities and communities require the protection of our Homeland Security Agency.
Terrorism will happen again regardless of how prepared the U.S. thinks it may be. This means that it is the country’s job to ensure that there is a continuation of measures that should be taken to fight against terrorism. Others believe that the U.S. is fully prepared for another terrorist attack and that enough has been done. The question at hand is, should the U.S. still be concerned about terrorism. The United States needs to be concerned about terrorism to prevent tragedies like 9/11 from happening again, to address problems with domestic terrorism, and to improve homeland security.