Scurvy
Scurvy is a kind of malnutrition, however; firstly you should know a
little about
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malnutrition before you read about scurvy.
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Malnutrition is a dietary condition caused by a deficiency or excess
of one or more essential nutrients in the diet. Malnutrition is
characterised by a wide array of health problems, including extreme
weight loss, stunted growth, weakened resistance to infection, and
impairment of intellect. Severe cases of malnutrition can lead to
death.
Children suffer from the effects of starvation more quickly than
adults do. According to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF),
malnutrition contributes to the deaths of more than 6 million children
under age five each year. Typically, starving children develop a
condition called protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). The two most
common forms of PEM, marasmus and kwashiorkor, occur in all developing
countries and are life-threatening conditions. Marasmus occurs when a
child is weaned earlier than normal and receives foods low in
nutrients. The child may also suffer repeated infections, such as
gastro-enteritis, due to poor hygiene. A child with marasmus is very
underweight, with no body fat and wasted muscles. Kwashiorkor occurs
when a child is weaned later than normal and receives starchy foods
low in protein. In this disease, the child's abnormally low body
weight is often masked by water retention, which makes the face
moon-shaped and the belly swollen.
Deficiency diseases are usually associated with lack of vitamins or
minerals. The effects of a vitamin or mineral deficiency on the body
depend on the function of the particular nutrient lacking. For
example, vitamin A is important for good vision, and severe deficiency
of this vitamin may cause blindness. Because some vitamins and
minerals have many functions, prolonged nutritional deficiencies can
therefore have wide-ranging effects on health.
Diets that lack a wide variety of foods may result in vitamin
deficiency diseases. For example, in countries where people eat maize
as the staple food and only few other foods, diets may lack niacin, a
"Hunger and Malnutrition." KidsHealth - the Web's Most Visited Site about Children's Health. Ed. Mary L. Gavin. The Nemours Foundation, 01 May 2012. Web. 12 May 2014.
Potato virus X (PVX) is a plant RNA virus. Its infection cycle includes invasion of the host plant, RNA replication, translation of viral proteins, cell-to-cell movement and release of new virions. Upon infection, PVX releases its plus-strand RNA genome from the virion and produces a viral replicase using host translation machinery. The replicase synthesizes minus-strand RNA. Subsequently new plus-strand genomic RNA (gRNA) and subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) are produced. Movement and coat proteins are translated from the sgRNAs for encapsidation and movement through plasmodesmata. In this mini-review, all aspects of the virus infection cycle of PVX are discussed.
World hunger is a very important epidemic because of the risks or implications it imposes on the rest of the world. Juveniles are the utmost apparent victims of under-nutrition. 2.6 million children die as a result of hunger-related causes each year. 66 million school-aged children go to classes hungry across the developing world, with 23 million in Africa alone. One in four of the world's youth are kept from growing due to malnutrition. In developing countries the proportion can rise to one in three. A strong maternal-infant bond provided through psychosocial stimulation is essential for positive child development. The formation of this bond at the beginning of life is an essential step that sets the stage for cognitive,emotional, and social development later in life. Feeding and other care practices provide opportunities for psychosocial stimulation and help to establish a positive attachment between caregiver and child.(WHO) Under-nutrition magnifies the effect of every disease, such as measles,diarrhea and malaria. Asia has the largest number of hungry people (over 500 million) however S...
A child who eats too much fat, sugar, sodium or processed food and too few vitamins and minerals is likely to develop a higher risk of several chronic health problems. These might include diabetes, kidney stones, bone loss, cancer and heart disease. This is important
term and long term. The child can be malnutritioned because the family cannot afford enough
In Richard Wright’s “Hunger”, a mother is forced with a difficult decision. Should she “baby” her child and prevent him from fighting, or should she encourage him to fight and “stand up like a man”? Unfortunately, the mother’s decision is a clear one. The mother tells the boy to stand up for himself and fight back.
The issue written in this article is regarding the banning and lack of approval for blight-resistant potatoes in the european union. Late potato blight, a potato disease caused by the the eukaryotic microorganism phytophthora infestans, is a significant cause for loss of crop and yield by potato farmers. Looking back to the past, the blight was responsible for the catastrophic Irish Great Famine of the 1840s causing eradication of their main food source, potatoes. As a result of the blight, potatoes become rotten and unsafe for human consumption. Late potato blight today is still a serious issue because it has caused the loss of $5.9 billion dollars of potatoes worldwide annually.By engineering blight resistance into potatoes, scientists have hoped to increase the yield and productivity of potato crops affected by this devastating disease. However, the attempts of the scientists are met with strong resistance by anti-GMO activists and lobbying groups, who are intent on food as naturally pure as possible. In consequence of not using genetically modified potatoes, the farmers are forced to use costly pesticides in an attempt to control the blight. With the human population rapidly increasing, it is essential that all measures be taken to increase food/crop yield in order to prevent starvation and hunger caused by the overpopulation. The battle between agricultural researchers like Simplot and the anti-GMO lobbying group GeneWatch is a controversial one that must be addressed by this generation and future generations.
Imagine living but not eating, needing, but not having. In the United States there are currently forty-six point seven million people in poverty; forty-eight point one million people with food insecure that is including thirty-two point eight million adults and fifteen point three million children. It is painful to know that there are people that do not make it through the night because of not having any food. Those people have to wake up to no food and go to sleep with no food. The definition of ‘hunger’ is the feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, coupled with the desire to eat. Action against Hunger says “At least one million malnourished children die every year because they lack access to the necessary treatment. Seventeen
The cause of most under nourished children in third world countries is poverty. Families in third world countries cannot afford food or their country does not have those resources. Villages in Africa often do not have the proper resources for safe food and water, which can cause children to get certain bacteria’s which will lead to under nutrition. (WHO, 2012)
A considerable effort has been done in terms of defining the social issue of Child Hunger or hunger in general for policy purposes. Both private and public sectors, with the cooperation of the government agencies, privately funded advocate groups, and academic institutions have used the method to measure hunger by self-report of his or her own experience of suffering from hunger. (Lewit and Kerrebrock, 1997, Pg 129). According to Lewit and Kerrebrock (1997) poverty is defined as “an inadequate amount of food intake due to a lock of money or resources” (pg.129) or “The mental or physical condition that comes from not eating enough food due to insufficient economic, family, or community resources.” (pg.129). As it stands today, Hunger is now defined with the term “Food insecurity” which means families or individuals are unable to secure or afford nutritious safe food in order to have a healthy active lifestyle.
The human body is a complex system that often malfunctions. Many people believe that numerous diseases are natural reflection of the body aging and cannot be avoided. The goal of my paper is to elaborate this perception and explain that maintain healthy and active lifestyle can result in healthy body.
Beneath the surface of a malnourished child, basic body functions are facing the effects of hunger. Students who miss a meal or aren’t getting the proper nutrients from food have a hard time concentrating in class. The immune systems get weaker causing the child
Even though there are numerous families that struggle to put food on the table, protein deficiency is rare in the United States, but can be seen in third world countries like Africa. However, protein deficiency disorders can occur even in the United States with people suffering from “alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or certain intestinal tract disorders, [as well as] those who are elderly, have limited incomes, and are chronically ill”(Schiff 2013). Under nutrition of any kind is due to a lack of food in some fashion whether from crop failures, political unrest, or civil wars, but the etiology of Kwashiorkor and other protein deficiencies is often more complicated. Protein energy malnutrition (also known as PEM) affects people who do not consume sufficient amounts of protein. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 18% of children are underweight due to malnutrition of some kind, including protein-energy malnutrition. There are in fact two types of PEM, kwashiorkor and marasmus. Kwashiorkor is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in developing countries, primarily occurring where mothers breastfeed their infants until they give birth to another child. The older
“Malnourished children are 20% less literate than those with a healthier diet, says UK charity Save the Children” (The Information Daily). When parents become victims of poverty it can have some very unpleasing long and short term effects to their children. Parents in poverty have a lot on their plate and buying the best quality food or affording enough food can be a tumultuous task. Quality nutrition is essential for the development of the brain. At a young age, poor nutrition or not enough nutrition can seriously hinder “the brain 's development, a child’s ability to learn and has a devastating impact on a child’s future”(The Information Daily). “Malnutrition in the early developmental stages of the brain, by restricting the children’s cognitive growth, can lower a child 's IQ has much has 20 points”(The Information Daily). Long term effects of malnutrition leave permanent damage to the brain, however, malnutrition has short term effects as well. Malnourishment can greatly compromise a child’s immune system, making them more susceptible to infectious diseases. “Low counts of zinc, iron and vitamin A are commonly associated with weakened immune function” (Orphan Nutrition). A deadly infection can have a huge impact on a poverty stricken family leading to less affordability. Malnutrition negatively affects a student throughout their educational
The second type of hunger is considered to be named as chronic or endemic hunger, because it is not felt by the majority of people. However, it can hold some subtle but significant changes in human body developing. For example, children may be underweight on the background of their coevals. The lack of the daily consumption of the vitamin A may cause problems with visio...