Introduction:
Screwdrivers are very popular among the hand tools which we use in our daily use. But now a days the screwdriver demands hardness and higher torque values for the meeting the requirements and to compete between the manufacturers. For maintaining both torque and hardness in higher level. there are mainly three key factors for the producing the required type of screwdriver : heat treatment, material and machining processing. On the other hand the most famous type of steel used in the manufacturing of the screwdriver bit are Cr-V type of steel, material wise known as SAE6150 steel. The hardness of this material is known to be HRC52 (+ 0r - ,2) and the value of torque is about 180 - 190 kgf.cm. There are different varieties of tips for a screwdriver which include Robertson ,clutch, .Allen and Torx but very standard types of tips are flat, slotted, straight or flared.
Design Aspects of screwdriver:
The designing aspects of a screwdriver consist of a handle and a shaft. The shaft will be made of tough steel in order to prevent twisting or bending while usage. The handle can either be made with wood or rubber also with plastic. Mostly plastic material will be used for making the handle in order for better handling and for safety purpose.
Materials for manufacturing Screwdriver Tip :
Later a new variety of steel material is been used in the industry by the composition of different kinds of steel. The development of this material were used latterly in common for producing hard and high torque screwdriver, most importantly fractures cannot happened in this kind of material. The steel which we were talking about in the beginning was smelted in a high vacuum and forged to the required shape and they are welded in furth...
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... screwdriver which will result in deduction of discrete particles gradually from the material from the contacting surface of the screwdriver.
Improvements that can be made:
In manufacturing the handle we can use injection molding instead of extrusion method. Because extrusion molding method has a limitation in the types of handle it can make. Though extrusion method also can make a selective variety of handles but it will be more cost effective and time affective when compared to injection molding.
Conclusion:
A Screwdriver is a very common tool that is used to loosen or tighten a screw. Manufacturing wise this module (Material Engineering Design) gave us a different view over the materials and the tools which are made out of it. We now understand the manufacturing of things by the prospective of the design, process, assembling and failures that can occur.
The micro hardness of the prepared samples were obtained by using a Vickers Micro hardness Tester (Model : Leco LV 700, USA). 5 readings were taken for each sample to calculate the average hardness. An indentation load of 5gf was used. After calculating the average hardness for each sample, mean variance and standard deviation (S.D.) was calculated to check the consistency of the data.
The James Watt’s micrometer is solely made of two metal alloys, namely brass and steel. These two alloys are well suited for the construction of this type of tool during its age of creation. Brass and steel were easily sourced within the UK during the industrial revolution, with major brass works in Swansea, and large steel works Sheffield. Having nationally sourced materials, will have certainly made the alloys a cost effective choice for building the micrometer. Both alloys are suitable for tooling, machining and shaping, as well as possessing excellent strength and durability properties. Other materials available at the time, such as tin and iron would have probably not been favourable due to the fact they are either hard to accurately shape or just do not possess the strength properties of the chosen materials.
Roller screws are accustomed remodel rotary movement into linear movement and the other way around. The bearing components are threaded rollers positioned between the screw and therefore the nut. The massive variety of contact points permits roller screws to support terribly high loads. The roller screw is comparable to the ball screw with the distinction that the load transfer components are threaded rollers. When put next to standard ball screws, have the subsequent advantages: the most advantage of roller screws is that they need an outsized variety of contact points to support the load with higher permissible static and dynamic load capability. Due to the larger variety of contact points the bearing perform is ensured by uniform spreading of load over the threaded rollers rather than balls just in case of ball screws. It's higher mechanics and dynamics in operating condition, generates less vibration and lower noise. The transmission exactitude of PRS is higher and may add a lot of more durable condition. Because to these compensation, a lot of analysis on roller screw has been administrated, and therefore the roller screw has been utilized in the medical, aerospace, military, assembly, Food and drink, Plastics, textiles and machine tools industries.
]. Some alloying elements sometimes added to impart special characteristics to brass. Lead, which is insoluble in copper alloys, used to improve machinability of leaded brass. However, Pb and Bi or other elements that are used to improve the machinability often deteriorate the low and high temperature ductility of brass [11]. The content of Pb element is varies between 2.5 and 3.5 %, which make the machining processes at high speed and good surface [12]. The solubility of lead in copper alloys is very low therefore, it is found in microstructure as dispersed globules all over the material. These globules lead act as a lubricant decreasing the friction coefficient between the tools and the materials by creating discontinuities of chip fragmentation. Therefore, it makes reducing in cutting force and then, the tools wear rate is minimized [13]. Different alloying elements help to improving the machinability are usually added to brass. The most common element using in this situation is lead, which improving the machinability with
US Army Correspondence. (2000). METAL PROPERTIES, CHARACTERISTICS,. US ARMY REPAIR SHOP TECHNICIAN WARRANT. Retrieved from www.hnsa.org/doc/pdf/metal-properties
Milling offers the advantages of being highly precise and having much smoother surface finish (surface roughness of easily around 1 µm ) compared to powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (layer thickness in the range of 20 µm and above; surface roughness of 15 µm and above ). Flat surfaces and sharp corners can be obtained with CNC milling. Similarly, features such as threads and holes are more accurately created through
Four brass wedges were tested. Two were cold rolled to a thickness of 5.0 mm and two were cold rolled to a thickness of 2.5 mm. One wedge of each thickness was then annealed for 1 hour at 350 °C. Because the wedges varied in thickness across the length, multiple cold work values were able to be recorded. Hardness and thickness measurements were taken before and after the cold rolling and after the annealing as shown in Figure 1. Generally, as cold work increased, hardness increased.
Parts, when in service and while forming, are subjected to forces. It is necessary to know the characteristics of the material to design and form the component so that any resulting deformation will not result in failure of the component in service and while forming.
L-D Tool & Die (LDTD) is a small and successful manufacturer in Ontario who specializes in designing and making customized molds as per client’s necessities. It was found by Laurie Dickson in late 1980s. Since its origin, the company has continuously serving its customers by providing quality products and services. LDTD has developed a loyal customer throughout the years in business. Every member of staff takes great pride in his or her work, resulting in superior craftsmanship, quality and delivery. At L-D Tool & Die, they work closely with customers to bring their projects from “Concept to Reality”. The main services of LDTD are transforming synthetic resins and plastic material into a wide range of finished products, parts
Figure 7: Effect of tempering temperature on hardness of D2 tool steel at 970, 980,990, and 1000oC austenitizing temperatures.
Today many types of drill accessories and tools are used for domestic and commercial tasks. The use of cordless drill accessories prove effective for doing a hole in roofs or walls. In this regard, drill is an ideal item used in many types of applications.
Shank – It is main body of tool and it is used to gripped in tool holder.
Bores can vary in diameter and form, from bigger piston bores in motor cylinders to rather small bores in fuel injection systems. Quality parameters for these bores are form and geometric accuracy as well as surface roughness and structure. All requirements can economically be met by using the honing process as the final finishing operation for readymade bores. Honing is an abrasive machining process using abrasive grains usually made of diamond or Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) in metallic bonding. During the process three movement components, namely an axial movement along the bore axis, a rotational movement around the bore axis and the feeding movement of the honing stone, are combined. The feeding movement of the honing stone is induced by an axial movement of the feeding cone, which is translated into a radial movement of the honing stone at the interface between honing stone and work piece. The feeding movement is decisive for the results of the honing process. For a regulation of the process that enables high process stability and repeatability as well as good quality results from the first part it is important to know about the forces in the feeding system of the
On the other hand a Mill uses a different process to create custom parts. It is a process of machining that uses rotary cutters to remove material from a raw work-piece, by advancing the work-piece in different directions and angles in relation to the axis of the cutting tool. This is the most commonly used process by machine shops today for creating parts to a precise shape and size in th...
In the quality assurance of machine components the so-called finishing and super-finishing processes have important roles. During recent years, the post-machining cold forming methods such as burnishing, shot peening, etc., have occupied a very important place in industry, because they are reported to induce compressive residual stresses on the work piece surface, which in turn, results in improvement of tribological properties such as wear resistance, fatigue life, corrosion resistance, etc.