Scientific Principles
Introduction
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Atoms are very small particles that make up everything including
humans, animals and the world around us.
An atom is made up of particles, which revolve around a nucleus.
The particles are protons, electrons and neutrons.
These particles are each in turn different. Protons have a positive
charge, electrons have a negative charge while neutrons are neutral
and carry no charge.
The only similarities, which 2 of the particles have, are protons and
neutrons and their mass is equal to the mass of an atom of hydrogen.
While scientifically we call this mass one atomic mass unit. The mass
of an atom depends on the amount of protons and neutrons the atom
contains and the arrangement of particles within the atom.
The arrangement of the particles within an atom depend on how they are
positioned because every atom has a nucleus which the protons and
neutrons occupy, while the electrons move around in a constant stable
orbit outside of the nucleus. However every electron in an atom do not
have the same amount of energy. The electrons, which are further away
from the nucleus, need more energy to move around the larger orbit.
The different sized orbits are grouped together in shells. The shell
is the group of orbits with similar energy. Each shell can hold up to
a certain number of electrons. In any atom the maximum number of
electrons in the outermost group of orbits is 8.
The maximum amounts of electrons, which can be occupied within a
shell, are as follows:
1st shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
2nd shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons
3rd shell can hold a maximum of 18 electrons
4th shell can hold a maximum of 32 electrons
While the layout of the nitrogen atom can be seen with the different
particles and the different amounts of electrons can be seen in their
orbits around the nucleus.
[IMAGE] To find out the total mass of an atom the number of protons
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