1.Abstract
This project requires us to design and build a circuit that generates specified functions on the oscilloscope, as given on the project description. Also, we were required to design a means of selecting different frequencies and different amplitudes. This was especially difficult because the selection had to be made directly from the breadboard. For the final part of the lab, we were to draw the graphs we obtained to show how the various functions were generated digitally. The results we got were very sound. We were able to generate all of the minimum requirements (a square wave and ramp wave). Also, we were able to generate the waves that would give us extra credit (a triangle wave and approximations to a sine wave). We also discovered a way to easily vary frequency and amplitude.
2.Introduction
This experiment uses four operational amplifiers (opamps) to deliver these waveforms in the 6 Hz to 7000 Hz range. The sine wave is a pseudo sine wave produces by a very simple wave
Shaping circuit. A digital counter can be used along with a DAC to generate analog voltage functions of time such as square wave and ramp wave. In this lab, we were to design and build a circuit that generates an analog square wave and a saw-tooth (ramp) wave of voltage, using a counter and DAC/.
3. Design Process
While working on this project, we thought of alternatives that would increase efficiency. An alternative we considered was to switch to a different project. This was thought about when we were having trouble with the implementation of the circuit. However, we decided to stick with this project. We decided this because we had already put in much thought and work into this particular project. Also, we decided to use flip-flops to simplify the circuit.
4. Implementation
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Square, sine and triangle waves are produced using an LM348 and passive components. The LM348 is a quad operational amplifier IC package; that is, it contains four separate opamps all in the one IC. They are marked A, B, C & D in the schematic diagram.
Square Wave.
One opamp (LM348:D) is used. The voltage level to pin 13 is set by the resistor divider pair R1 and R2. The input to pin 12 depends on two things; firstly the potential of
pin 14, and secondly, the voltage output of opamp C at pin 8. When the input at pin 13 is higher than the input at pin 12 the output goes low.
It was proposed that if the length of the PVC pipes were to increase, then the sound produced will have a lower amplitude each time because the sound will lose energy as it continues in the pipe for a certain amount of time. However, the data actually showed that with every increase in pipe length, the amplitude got louder as well, thus refuting the hypothesis. These results made sense because what was created inside the PVC pipes was a standing still sound wave, or a resonance wave. These kinds of waves have certain locations on its wavelength in order for the change in sound to be heard, which it usually half a wavelength. With this, the tuning fork is 83.3Hz and a usual wavelength is about 300Hz, 300/83.3 = 3.6 meters, which is about 4 meters (half = 2 meters). So for the change in sound to be heard, the pipes had to be about 2 meters in change according to the frequency of the tuning
Above is the view for the analog switch we will be using. This analog switch has 8 pins but for our purposes, we will be using pins 3 and pin 6 so the switch could receive the signal of any wetness that has been detected. The other pins that we will be using from this switch are the output pins which are pins 1 and 8 in the circuit above. These output pins will be connected to the next part of the experiment which is the encoder. [2]
Oscilloscope is acquainted as one of the most helpful instrument for testing circuits. It is able to show the signals at different points in the circuit. One way to inves...
“Education is not the preparation for life; education is life itself.” - John Dewey. Every year, as we enter a new grade, new challenges approach us. Eighth grade is no exception., and will be very different from 7th grade. As I enter my eighth grade school year, I will be bombarded with a variety of new experiences and challenges such as buddies, academics, and being prepared for high school. One of the most important tasks that is thrust onto me is buddies.
and sounds that this can create are put to good use to add to the
In this inquiry the relationship between force and mass was studied. This inquiry presents a question: when mass is increased is the force required to move it at a constant velocity increased, and how large will the increase be? It is obvious that more massive objects takes more force to move but the increase will be either linear or exponential. To hypothesize this point drawing from empirical data is necessary. When pulling an object on the ground it is discovered that to drag a four-kilogram object is not four times harder than dragging a two-kilogram object. I hypothesize that increasing the mass will increase the force needed to move the mass at a constant rate, these increases will have a liner relationship.
In general, ultrasound waves produced by an instrument called transducer are sent into a patient. Some of the waves are absorbed, but the other portion of these waves are reflected when tissue and organ boundaries are encountered. The echoes produced by the reflected waves are then picked up by the transducer and translated in a visible picture often referred to as ultrasound. In the paragraphs that follow, the physics of how the transducer functions, what the ultrasound waves do, and how the image is formed will be explained.
Polyphonic is operating on a “shoestring budget” of $150,000. The company is not helped by initial discussions about HSS with potential customers, which have resulted in cold receptions, at best, about the product’s potential application to the music processes despite its multiple strengths.
The Sea Organ is a natural musical instrument, seventy meters long with thirty-five organ pipes built under concrete. The instrument was made by the architect Nikola Bašić as part of the project to redesign the new city coast, and the site was opened to the public on 15 April 2005. The Sea Organ’s pipes are located so that the sea water and wind movements produce musical sounds that are heard by citizens passing through the area. Since the sea’s waves and wind movements are unpredictable, the organ provides never-ending concert. Each organ pipe is blown by a column of air, pushed in turn by a column of wave-moved water, through a plastic tube inside of the water. The 7 groups of musical tubes are alternately tuned to two musically
F) A common speaker consists of a frame where a permanent magnet and an electromagnet are held in place. Both are positioned so that the electromagnet is directly above the permanent magnet. A diaphragm is attached above the electromagnet. The diaphragm creates the sound wave as it vibrates. The alternating electric current that comes from the amplifier flows through the electromagnet which naturally causes its polar orientation to switch accordingly with the current. The permanent magnet that is below has a fixed polar orientation, so the electromagnetic will find it being constantly attracted and repelled in respect to its own alternation in polar orientation. Since the diaphragm is attached to the electromagnet, it will move up and down as well. This vibration of the diaphragm creates sound waves.
Recording technology wasn’t always a digital process. Before the 1970s, all recordings depended on capturing a physical analogue sound with microphones. This was done on either tape or disk. Analogue recordings lacked the sonic integrity that the 21st century demanded; it was becoming increasingly problematic and expensive in reducing noise and distortion that plagued analogue recordings. As a result, audio researchers began to study digital conversion techniques. They discovered that digitizing an electrical audio signal consisted of sampling the audio wave thousands of times a second, measuring the peak amplitude of each sample, and then assigning one of a limited number of binary values to each.
Wishart, Trevor. "From Sound Morphing to the Synthesis of Starlight. Musical experiences with the Phase Vocoder over 25 years." Musica/Tecnologia Music , 2013: 65-67.
Medical ultrasound mechanisms produce ultrasound waves and accord the imitated echoes. Brightness mode (B mode) is the frank mode that is normally used.[2] The B mode gives a two dimensional (2D) black and white picture that depends on the anatomical locale of the slice. The body can be imaged in disparate planes reliant on the locale of the probe. These slender slices are of less than 1 mm every single and can be sagittal, coronal, transverse, or oblique. Sound waves are emitted from piezoelectric crystals from the ultrasound transducer. Piezoelectric crystals are fabricated from physical that adjustments mechanical signals to mechanical vibrations and adjustments mechanical vibrations to mechanical signals.[2] As ultrasound waves bypass across assorted body tissues, they are imitated back to the transducer crafting an picture on the ultrasound screen.[3] Aural impedance is described as the confrontation for propagation of ultrasound waves. This varies according to the density of the physical ultrasound passes through. After the physical is extra solid, nex...
Sound is produced by vibrations in the air which, in this experiment, came from the hammer. The vibrations are a set of frequencies measured in units of Hertz (Hz). The faster the vibration frequency, the higher the sound will be in pitch. Pythagoras’s 2:1 ratio simply means that both tones are the same however the second tone’s frequency rate is doubled. For example, the blacksmith strike...
waves are further divided into two groups or bands such as very low frequency (