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The history of space exploration
Historical background of satellite communication
The history of space exploration
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What is a satellite? It is defined as “a natural body that revolves around a planet; a moon” or “a device designed to be launched into orbit around the earth, another planet, the sun, etc.”. For this purpose, the second definition is the one that will be focused on. Satellites are a fairly new technology, only about 60 years old. For it’s short usage, it has greatly impacted human society. The development of satellite communications technology has greatly impacted our day-to-day life and military operations.
Before satellites were a reality, mankind had to rely on other forms of communication. Samuel Morse, an inventor born in Charlestown Mass., developed many improvements to the already existing telegraph. From 1832 until the unveiling in 1838, Morse developed the Morse Code which consisted of dots-and-dashes to represent letters and numbers.. Although credited with the development, his assistant Vail was later credited with the original idea for a dot-and-dash version (Morse Code). Later that century, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. “Bell's greatest success was achieved on March 10, 1876, marked not only the birth of the telephone but the death of the multiple telegraph as well” (The History of the Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell). This greatest success was the first successful use of a telephone by Bell to call his assistant in another room. As the quote states, the development of the telephone did in fact make the telegraph obsolete. One disadvantage that the telephone did have, though, was that it had to be physically connected by wires between the individuals using these phones. A new invention, radio, was made possible by many inventors including Henirich Hertz, Nikola Tesla, Ernst Alexanderson and Reginald...
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...p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite>.
"SCORE." National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. .
"SCORE (satellite)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Mar. 2014. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. .
"A Short History of Radio." Federal Communications Commission, n.d. Web. Winter 2003-2004. .
"Sputnik Launch Kicked off Satellite Revolution." Msnbc.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. .
Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. .
Since World War I and World War II the military technology with regards to communication has increasingly improved. Years ago, if a message was conveyed it was likely to be delivered on foot or horseback. Communications using modern equipment began once the US Army Signal Corps was established. World War I took place before the modern radio. When dispatch riders were not being used to deliver messages, morse code with the use of the telegraph was the more advanced form of communication during that time. The main problem with
The urgency of communication was never much felt until the beginning and use of telegraphy. It was much easier to transmit and receive messages over long distances that no longer needed physical transport of letters.
To begin with, the Invention that Alexander Graham Bell is most remembered for is the telephone. I will explain the idea, how it works, and the story behind it. First, the harmonic telephone was just an idea till about the year 1874 when Mr. Bell started work on the phone to send multiple telegraph messages at one time. This device would take a telegraph line to transfer the human voice from one place to another. For this job he hired a man named Thomas A. Watson, electrical designer. Second, the way this machine works is that the transmitter was in one room with metal strings attached to the device. Which looked like a cone connected to metal strings. Those strings would stretch out of the room to a different room. In the other room the receiver was there this looked like an 8 ounce cup of water. These two things were the transmitter and receiver of the first telephone from 1876. Thirdly, the story behind the telephone made it even more special that Mr. Bell actually made the telephone in Canada and was never an American citizen yet got the protection of invention by the United States of America. This story all started when Alexander was in his room working on the phone and his partner...
..., extensive researching and experimenting lead to what no one else could seem to figure out. While facing many setbacks and failed experiments over the two years, they still managed to successfully transmit human speech simultaneously on one wire. With great triumph with the telephone, Bell began to showcase his invention across Massachusetts and conventions, colleges, and meetings. He became a well respected, known inventor (Bell Invents the Telephone). People were amazed at Bell’s invention and were astonished when they were able to instantly hear someone talking miles away. Bell’s invention would create the basis f communication and allow other inventors to make advancements to the telephone for future generations. Bell used his fascination and knowledge with human speech to successfully invent the telephone, which transformed the lives of everyone in the world.
The telegraph was invented in 1832 by an artist named Samuel F.B. Morse. Before Morse sent his famous message there were signaling systems that made so people could communicate over long distances. Most systems were using flags or lights to signal things. most signals were semaphore. Morse thought that sending a message over a wire might be possible by using codes. The telegraph was called and electromechanical telegraph which Morse called it the recording telegraph. The way they would talk over the telegraph was have codes that Morse would make by pressing the buttons on the morse code and holding down the buttons for longer and shorter periods of time. There were two people that helped Morse were Vail, and Leonard Gale. Then in 1838 Morse had a code for sending and receiving messages.
...l Morse?s 1832 invention. It is quite possible that more social changes were triggered by the telegraph, than from any other invention. Before the telegraph, communications were delivered by boat, train, horseback, or hand. Now, news and messages could be received immediately.
The new technology expanded words per minute. The words transferred per minute were up to a 1,000. It usually ranged to 25-40. Even when Thomas Edison was improving the telegraph he made new ones. People during the wars used the telegraph. This telegraph changed the world for people with hearing problems because he had them. He tried to work around his disadvantage. When trying to make the telegraph better, he managed to make another based on his perforated pen, that needed no one to tap out the message at the receiving end. Thomas Edison helped a lot of people. During World War 2 people used telegraphs to send messages to each other. Overall, Thomas Edison made the world more advanced and better for people who had disadvantages with
There were also many inventions during this time. One of which is something most of us in the twenty-first century can’t live without, the telephone. It was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell (Farah 611). 69 years earlier, the first practical steamboat was designed by Robert Fulton (Farah 606). But there was more to the 1800’s than just science and inven...
Many inventions revolutionized society and one example is the telephone, which was introduced to society in 1876. The inventor, Alexander Graham Bell developed this idea and the telephone made him famous because communication would never be the same after the development of the telephone. The telephone made an incredible impact on society. The impact could be seen through the quickness of communication, business, easier communication in wars, and some negative effects too.
Alexander Bell had called it the “Harmonic phone”.He had a hard time with money for his project; so two local investors gave him money.. Alexander Bell had worked day and night to perfect his idea. During this time Alexander Bell become highly interested with other inventions, transmitting the human voice over wire. Bell had worked with a man named Watson and they started to work on the first ever harmonic telegraphing and transmitting device. On March 10, 1876 they were successful. The first word ever to come across phones where “Mr. Watson come here; I want you, said Alexander Bell They started to promote and sell their device. Alexander Bell had started a new company called the Bell Telephone Company, with later became to be know as the American Telephone Company. The First phone used was in Wisconsin In 1877 when Appleton banker Alfred Galpin put a line from his house to the local bank. Several months later, he built a homemade switchboard for twenty-five telephones in Appleton. The next form of telecommunication came in The 1890’s when the “CandleStick” phone was made. Almon Strowger had invented the CandleStick
Cell phones have immensely changed the way people communicate today. A cell phone can be all a person need for interaction. From a cell phone, a person can make calls, send text messages, emails, and send and also receive directions, buy things online, do online banking, listen to music and much more. Since someone can do everything with one device, there is no longer a need to go around with multiple devices about. Greek hydraulic semaphore systems were used as early as the 4th century. The hydraulic semaphores, which functioned with water filled containers and visual signals, functioned as optical telegraphs. However, they could only apply a very limited range of pre-determined messages, and as with all such visual telegraphs could only be deployed during good visibility conditions. Experiments on communication using electricity was carried out in 1729 but was not successful. The experiment was proposed by William Fothergill Cooke. In 1837, William invented a practical electric telegraph which entered commercial use in 1838 (J. B. Calvert, May 2004). The first telephone was invented in 1878 by Alexander Graham Bell. He experimented with a ‘phonautograph’, it is a machine shaped like a pen that can draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing vibrations.
Despite the short amount of time since the introduction of the smartphone, the rapid development of the software and technology has had a tremendous effect on the everyday life of society today. The concept of communicating through a telephone was developed in the 1870s. Devices to transmit speech electrically were designed by Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell, but Bell's design was patented first. On March 10, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell achieved one of his greatest successes in the making of the telephone. This brought upon a major change in communication and gave leeway to the improvement of the telephone in the days to come (Bellis, 2013b).
Satellites were a very important part of the Space Race and are still very important today. There are different functions for each satellite. Some are for television networks while others can save lives and predict the weather. Satellites are used every day to help with navigation and positioning systems. Over two thousand five hundred satellites have been sent into space and around one thousand are still operational.
...he Telephone ~ Bell worked on the harmonic telegraph with his assistant, the electrician Thomas Watson. However, Bell thought of another idea; he believed that he could create a device that would transmit speech electrically. Secretly, he and Watson worked on this device. The first successful two-way conversation of clear speech by Bell and Watson was made on March 10, 1876 when Bell spoke into the device, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.” The men were jubilant after Watson heard the message and came to Bell’s side. Bell did not want to patent the device, since he believed that he needed to improve on it. However, Hubbard found out about the device and applied a patent for it without Bell’s permission. Coincidentally, Bell’s rival Elisha Gray applied for a patent for a telephone-like device, but since Bell’s patent was applied for first, he won the patent.
A satellite is defined as an object that orbits or revolves around another object. In basic terms, this relationship is due to the gravitational pull of the larger object while the smaller one has enough velocity and momentum to circle the larger one (Fitzgerald &Dennis). This is a good definition if one is only speaking of the broad principles of why and how objects attract one another and where in nature this occurs. The billions of stars and planets together make up a vast network of orbiting objects that each can rightfully be called satellites. By studying the way the Universe and Solar System works, scientists have been able to send man made devices into earth's orbit to serve the needs of a technologically developing world.