1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
A public or communal toilet also called a bathroom, restroom latrine, comfort room, powder room, toilet room, washroom, water closet, W.C. public lavatory, convenience, loo is a room or small building containing one or more toilets and possibly also urinals which is available for use by the general public, or in a broader meaning of “public”, by customers of other services (wikipidia, 2016). Human excreta, the end products of digestion of food that are consumed are considered great dirt and a major source of outbreak of faeco-oral diseases if not disposed of properly. In spite of this, sanitation and hygiene issues are not often discussed openly because many people find it embarrassing due to lack of
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Sanitation continues to pose a serious challenge to the Ghanaian economy. It is believed that poor sanitation costs the economy of Ghana about US$ 290 million every year according to a desk study carried out by the World Bank/UNDP water and sanitation program in 2012. The Disease Surveillance Department of the Ghana Health Service reports that as at 26th September, 2014, 18,902 cholera cases and 150 fatalities occurred across the country and the risk factors were attributed to poor sanitation and low hygiene practices.
In the Cape Coast South sub metropolis, most houses do not have toilets facilities on their premises. The majority of people therefore depend on public toilets while others resort to open defecation. Although the Cape Coast Metropolitan Assembly and some NGOs are making an effort to curb the open defecation in the study area, their effort does not seem to be yielding any meaningful results since the majority of people are still open defecating along the beaches, in open drains, in bushes and in uncompleted
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To ascertain the hygiene practices and cleanliness at the public toilet sites.
3. To find out if the superstructure of public toilets in the study area conform to the national design standards and guidelines.
4. To ascertain how faecal sludge desludged from the public toilets is managed by the Local Authority.
5. To make recommendations for effective operation and management of public toilets in the Metropolis.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Findings of this study could be used by the Cape Coast South Sub metropolitan Assembly to ensure effective, safe and hygienic operation and management of public toilets which can help in the fight against open defecation and improve public health in the communities.
1.5 Reporting outline
The report of this study has been categorized into five chapters. The first chapter, Chapter One, gives an introduction to the project. The second Chapter, Chapter Two is the review of available literature on public toilets. Chapter Three is centered on the research methodology whiles Chapter Four focuses on the findings, discussions and analysis of the data collected. The final chapter, Chapter Five, contains the conclusions and recommendations drawn from the
In high school I worked at Jimmy Johns and have had to clean up after customers that have defecated on the floor next to the toilet. At the Men’s Wearhouse in Sioux Falls where my fiancée works, people have rented suits and returned them after defecating inside the suit. At the Kmart that my stepdad worked at for twenty years, elderly customers have not been able to make it to the bathroom on time and leave a streak down the aisles to the restroom. At the Starmark in Sioux Falls where my father was employed for many years, employees defecated in the corner of the factory bathroom. My father also worked on many construction sites around Sioux Falls where other workers would urinate in a bottle, place the bottle in the wall, and build around it. My father also worked on an apartment complex renovation where the tenants of the building defecated on the newly-carpeted hallways and proceeded to smear it on the freshly-painted walls. These stories provide some insight on the public defecation phenomenon in that it is not localized to one specific area or just large populated
The government has very little staff and is not properly trained have very limited resources, coming mostly from the outside. The levels of water distribution and sanitation are the lowest in America and are among the lowest in the world. Agriculture is mostly small-scale and subsistence level, so that the low technification. The sewerage system is virtually non-existent, there is only in the capital and with a service that is very weak. The usual system is that of the septic tank and the well simple, even though open defecation is a common practice that represents a normal habit in the
In this image, a sewage worker is seen cleaning the drainage system, with his bear hands, without the use of either any equipment’s or protection. On the first glace, the image depicts the idea of health risk, because the man is exposed to such contaminants, which for him is work. He is looking up from a dirty drain, covered in filth, which shows that he is clearly used as the subject of this image, whom we are engaged to more as he is making eye contact with its viewers. This picture only includes one person into the frame, as the other man’s face isn’t available to see in this picture, which is man that is holding the bucket. Holding a bucket either emphasise the idea that he is helping the sewage worker, either to get the dirt out or to put the dirt in the drainage system.
Waste management is an especially challenging issue of today’s society especially considering the heavy metals and biomedical waste produced within the profession (Muhameddagic, Muhamedagic and Masic, 2009). Dental practices also create large quantities of waste cotton, latex, plastic, glass as well as various other materials which all have the potential to be contaminated with body fluids (Sudhakar & Chandrashekar,
Amidst the school kids and the naked bum, there is a toilet. The free-standing, self-cleaning, public restroom installed by JCDecaux Company only costs a quarter. If you can stomach the sight of the remnants of human excrement and the pungent odor of fecal matter mixed with urine, stale cigarettes, and vomit, this toilet can prove to be extremely convenient. For those who drank too much Starbucks on their way to work or those with a crying four year-old, a public restroom amongst all the “customer only” signs seems like a reasonable solution. With a twenty minute limit, there is adequate time to relieve your bowels, seek shelter from the rain, shoot up ...
Because of insufficient and poorly trained staff commonly found in nursing homes. Care givers are often overworked and grossly underpaid, which often results in rude and abusive behavior towards vulnerable residents who beg them for simple needs such as water or to be taken to the bathroom. Federal and State laws require that nursing homes develop a plan of care and employ sufficient staffing to provide all the care listed in the care plan. Most corporate-owned nursing homes today are not sufficiently staffed, and they can not provide all the care listed on the care plan. Consequently, residents are not taken to the toilet when necessary; they’re often left lying in urine and feces.
Child providers need to know the correct way to change a diaper and appropriate ways to teach children to use the toilet in order to prevent the spread of illness.
I chose the subject of sanitation because it is something that everyone should be able to have available to them. Everyone everywhere should have access to fresh drinking water and appropriate means of adequate sewage disposal. By being able to have apposite sanitation procedures one is able to diminish many diseases and increase a healthier life. Billions of individuals lack the ability to be able to have a place to defecate, let alone a private place to, which leads to open defecation and then in return causes diseases like Cholera. A couple of weeks ago we watched a TEDTalk about sanitation issues, during the video, a picture was shown of a young man who was down in a deep hole covered in fecal matter. Not even a spot of personal protective
In conclusion, the material in Garbage Land connects to my research problem in that, it explains how the garbage collected from households is handled. Even though there are no aseptic techniques involved by the people handling this trash, it is clear that most of the waste obtained is recycled for re-use. Accordissng to Royte, 28% of the remainder is buried, 17% incinerated, and 1% is “surface disposed” without processing (Royte,
Many people in advanced industrialized nations are often unaware of infectious diseases that plague underdeveloped countries. This is primarily due to factors that are so often taken for granted like having proper sanitation, adequately treated water, properly prepared food, easy access to medical care, and economic viability. The sad truth is that many of these infectious diseases could easily be prevented if the countries where they run most rampant had only a few of the factors mentioned above. The concentration of this paper will be to focus on one such disease named Cholera and its impact on the country of Zambia, Africa.
Approximately 844 million people (one tenth of the population) in the world do not have access to clean and 2.3 billion do not have access to a decent toilet. This poor sanitation and contaminated water quality is the cause of death for over 289 000 children under the age of 5 every year.
Basic Municipal Services: The norms laid down for the provision of toilets must be adhered to and community toilets should be made available where private toilets cannot be provided, for which planning and operation must be done in partnership with the slum community. Regular and efficient solid waste management along with efficient drainage systems, are mandatory requirements. An efficient public transport system needs to be in place so that connectivity is improved, thus allowing for the inclusion of slum communities into the city.
According to a survey conducted by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) (2014) on the poverty profile in Ghana between the years 2005 and 2013 the Ghana Living Standard Survey reveals, that one-third of the population of Ghana are poor and one-tenth are extremely poor. To assess this fact, GSS used conditions such as
The toilet needs to be cleaned separately from the rest of the washroom. This means
The solid wastes are produce not only by households; it’s contributed by hospitals and corporations. Hospitals throw away bandages, use needles and latex gloves, these items hospitals throw away daily all the time because they can’t be reuse for the safety of its patients. Corporations throw away a lot of waste as well such as papers that they use whether in writing or in projects. All of these leftovers after consumptions are waste that is produced by our daily actions.