• BIO-112-IT1-S-14 Topic 7 Module 2 Exam - topics for essay and sho...
Viruses.
1. Why are viruses not living organisms? Pg325
Viruses are not considered living organisms because they have a single viral structural. This means viruses are not cells because they have no nucleus, organelle, or cytoplasm, and no genetic material. Having none of these characteristics viruses cannot be considered a living cell because they do not metabolize, respond to stimuli or reproduce on their own. They have to infect a living cell by entering a l host to reproduce more of its self.
2. Label the parts of a typical virus. Know the function of each part.
Pg 324???
3. Give examples of disease causing viruses. P 325
Disease causing viruses have a reservoir where the virus exists and is where most symptoms in host animals are either shown or not. The animal with the reservoir acts as a continual source for the virus for other host species. Some examples of this reservoir virus that causes disease in humans include the avian influenza and West Nile encephalitis which is carried in wild birds. Rodents carry viruses that causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, mosquitoes carry yellow fever and raccoons carry rabies.
4. Describe the general viral replication cycle.p326
The general viral replication is like a car assembly factor it starts with attachments which bind virus cell surface receptor. Then it goes to penetration which is where the viral nucleic acid is released inside the host cell. The next step is synthesis where the host cell manufactures viral nucleic acids and proteins. Next is assembly where new viruses are assembled from newly synthesized coat proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids. Finally it releases the new viruses from the h...
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Bacterial reproduction occurs asexually whereas most bacteria reproduce by binary fission where a single DNA molecule replicates and both copies attach to the cell membrane where the membrane begins to grow between the two molecules once the bacterium doubles in sides the cell begins to pinch inwards where a cell wall forms between the two molecules dividing the orginal cell into two indentical daughter cells. Since the two daughters cells are identical they are susceptibleto the same type of antibiotics to prevent this from happening the daughter cells incorporate genetic variation a process called recombination which can be accomplish through conjugation, transformation or transduction. They can exchange genes between another bacterium or taking up different DNA most commonly dead bacterial cells from their environment or by be contained by bacteriophages.
Bacteria can function and reproduce as single cells but often combine into multicellular colonies. Bacteria are also surrounded by a cell wall. Archaea differ from bacteria in their genetics and biochemistry. Their cell membranes are made with different material than bacteria.
The word virus comes from the Latin word, poison. A virus infects a cell and into it, inserts its DNA. The virus then multiplies inside the cell and when enough of the virus has been produced, the newly formed viruses will break out into the body of the host, destroying the cell in the process. Variola major and Variol...
Bloodborne pathogens are viruses that deteriorate cells within the body. A virus is a submicroscopic parasitic organism that feeds on cells. Viruses are dependent on cells for their nutrients so the virus survive and reproduce. Every virus consists of either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA). A virus can contain a strand of one or the other, but not both. This RNA or DNA is contained within a protein shell for protection. A virus is a parasite that is dependent upon cells for metabolic and reproductive requirements. By using the cell the virus makes the host very ill by redirecting cellular activity to make more viruses.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are created when mutations in the pathogen's genetic code occurs, changing the protein in the bacteria that the antibiotics normally go after into a shape that the antibiotic can not recognize. The average bacteria divides every twenty minutes, so if a contaminated spot has one single bacteria in the morning, there could be trillions on that same spot at the end of the day. That means that when counting all the possibilities of mutations, the amount of mutated offspring that the bacteria might have formed during those replications could be as high as in the millions. Fortunately though, this does not happen so frequently that it is normally an issue. The amount of non-mutated bacteria vastly outnumbers the mutated ones and many of the mutations occurring in the bacteria usually have either a harmful effect, or not effect at all on its function. That means that the pathogen is still relatively less harmful than it c...
Viruses are the simplest and tiniest of microbes, and are made up of proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids. The nucleic acids contain the genetic code that helps them grow and reproduce, but only once they find their way into a living organism. Viruses themselves are not considered living organisms because they don’t have cells, they don’t metabolize nutrients, produce and excrete wastes, and they can’t move around on their own. The remains of the nucleic acid then forms a covering, called the capsid. Once the capsid gets removed, viruses use the building materials of th...
"Virus-Host Cell Interactions during Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication: Impact of Polyprotein Expression on the Cellular Transcriptome and Cell Cycle Association with Viral RNA Synthesis -- Scholle Et Al. 78 (3): 1513 --." The Journal of Virology. Web. 24 Mar. 2010. .
1. The specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animals suffering from a specific disease but should not be found in healthy animals.
On the other hand, cells that have resistance from the start or acquire it later may survive. At the same time, when antibiotics attack disease-causing bacteria, they also attack benign bacteria. This process eliminates drug-susceptible bacteria and favors bacteria that are resistant. Two things happen, populations of non-resistant and harmless bacteria are diminished, and because of the reduction of competition from these harmless and/or susceptible bacteria, resistant forms of disease-causing bacteria proliferate. As the resistant forms of the bacteria proliferate, there is more opportunity for genetic or chromosomal mutation (spontaneous DNA mutation (1)) or transformation, that comes about either through a form of microbial sex (1) or through the transference of plasmids, small circles of DNA (1), which allow bacteria to interchange genes with ease.
Virus- An infectious agent found in virtually all life forms, including humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Viruses touch us every day through water, food, physical contact, blood, animals, or even, the air you breathe. All though most are harmless there are some that...
Engelkirk & Burton (1979) state that bacteria can reproduce asexually by simple division of cells and some bacteria reproduce sexually by conjunction. A bacterium is a waste producer of products and secretions. This allows pathogens to invade their hosts to cause disease some of these harmful diseases are Scarlet fever, an acute illness, characterized by a reddish skin rash, which is caused by systematic infection with the bacterium streptococcus. St. Anthony’s Fire is another bacterial disease. “St. Anthony’s Fire which is an acute superficial form of celluitus involving the dermal lymphatic, usually caused by infection with streptococci and chiefly characterized by a peripherally spreading hot, bright red, oedematous.
Bacteria are single celled microbes. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. In this process, the bacterium, which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. Binary
Microbes are microscopic life forms, usually too small to be seen by the naked eye. Although many microbes are single-celled, there are also numerous multi-cellular organisms. The human body has 10-100 trillion microbes living on it, making it one giant super-organism. Since the first link between microbes and diseases was made, people have been advised to wash their hands. Scientists, however, have recently started to investigate more closely how the microbes that call the human body home affect our health. While some microbes cause disease, others are more beneficial, working with our bodies in many subtle ways.
...ound in our bodies. The trick is that the virus “gets confused” and incorporates the fatal molecule into its growing RNA strands which leads to the prevention of RNA synthesis and thus the entire viral replication.
Leboffe, M. J., & Pierce, B. E. (2010). Microbiology: Laboratory Theory and Application, Third Edition 3rd Edition (3rd Ed.). Morton Publishing
With this information, of which is all theoretically possible, we now have a zombie that passes the principles of a zombie.The medical science involved has now proven that zombies are possible.Have fun and do not create this unless you want to be responsible for the mass genocide of the human race.