the work, but they refer to the environment, and prevent job dissatisfaction. Herzberg calls these factors hygiene, dis-satisfiers or maintenance factors, and proposed that, if absent, it led to job dissatisfaction (Herzberg, 1966).
The factors are explained below in detail.
2.2.1.1 Motivators or Intrinsic Factors
Motivators or intrinsic (satisfier) factors are related to the actual performance of the work, or the content of the job. The motivators are internal job factors that urge the employees to strive for better achievements, and lead to job satisfaction and higher motivation (Balkin, Cardy, & Gomez-Mejia, 2003). They are the factors that influence the perceptions or feelings of employees about themselves and their work, and motivate them to work harder or better.7 Akyeampong and Bennell (2007) state that intrinsic motivators such as responsibility, the challenging nature of a job, and achievement are motivators that come from within a person.3
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The Theory suggests that Maslow’s higher-order needs are similar to Herzberg’s satisfier factors, and Maslow’s lower-order needs are similar to Herzberg’s hygiene factors (Ellsworth, Hawley, & Mau, 2008). According to Herzberg, et al., (1959), motivation factors are internal factors that are associated with higher-order needs, and include the opportunity to achieve in the job, recognition of accomplishment, challenging work and growth options, responsibility in the job, and the work itself – if the work is interesting (Amos, et al., 2008). The presence of intrinsic factors or motivators lead to job satisfaction, but their absence will not lead to job dissatisfaction (Perrachione, et al.,
This paper compares the works of Patrick Lencioni’s The Three Signs of a Miserable Job (2007) with Influencer (2013) authored by Joseph Grenny, Kerry Patterson, David Maxfield, Ron McMillan, and Al Switzler with the intent of illustrating the complimentary applicability to improve employee morale and development, talent retention, and overall business success. In a world of growing job discontentment, despite a rising number of American college graduates, it remains the leader’s obligation to understand what drives behavior and to put together winning strategies to equip themselves and their team(s) with the influential tools necessary to nurture inevitably vibrant communities.
In theory, the hierarchy works in this order towards an employee; first they seek to fill the physiological need by getting a job to pay for the basic necessity of the human body. Once that is settled, the employee will want his safety needs being solid, he needs to feel safe at work with insurance policies and medical coverage in case of anything untowardly was to happen. After the first two basic needs are taken care of, he will need to feel a sense of belonging to groups in the social need, humans are not meant to be alone and thus the need to mingle and socialize is important. The esteem needs is automatically achieved after he finally gets a good level of communication with his colleagues, which results in him being acknowledge by people, this is usually the need that needs to be reached in order for an employee to be motivated and also to measure job satisfaction. As an employee feels cherished by their company, they build self-confidence which in turn will motivate them in working hard and efficient. Lastly comes self-actualization, where the employees achieves this by finally getting recognition by his superiors and are rewarded for his dedication may it be some form of promotion at work. Maslow’s theory provides the fundamentals of motivation which is required to be fulfilled to maximize job satisfaction; one cannot feel satisfied if any of the five needs is
To understand completely the organizational and managerial significance associated with developing motivated employees, it is important that the concept of employee motivation be examined from a chronological perspective. Many of the earliest studies relevant to the topic are foundational, in that they assisted the evolutionary progress of research. The two most common studies on motivation include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s hygiene theory. In accordance to the collective body of literature, both paradigms have been employed frequently within various organizations. This section of the literature review will examine the contextual and historical intricacies of both approaches.
Maslow’s theory cultivated as a “general theory of human motivation,” but this theory is “extensively” applied to organizational behavior (Miller, 2012: 40). In this theory, Maslow proposes that five types of basic needs motivate people: physiological, safety, affiliation, esteem, and self-actualization. These needs are arranged in a “hierarchy of prepotency,” where lower-level needs must be satisfied before achieving higher-level needs (Miller, 2012; 42). The lower-level needs are the first three basic needs in the hierarchy: physiological, safety, and affiliation. The first need is physiological. It refers to the needs of the human body, such as food, water, sleep and sensory pleasure. An organization fulfills these needs by providing a “living wage” that allows individuals to acquire these necessities and creating “physical work conditions that do not violate the physical requirements of the human body” (Miller, 2012: 41). From the physiological needs, humans move to the second basic need—safety. These needs include “the desire to be free from danger and environmental threats” (Miller, 2012: 41). Once again, an organization fulfills these needs by providing wages which allow employees the ability to acquire the necessary tools to ensure safety. In addition, the provision of physically adequate work conditions within an organization fulfills these safety needs. After physiological and safety needs are attained, humans aspire for belonging and love. This third basic need is affiliation. Affiliation needs refer to “the necessity of giving and receiving human affection and regard” (Miller, 2012: 41). This need highlights one of the key findings of the Hawthorne studies-the importance of social factors within an organization. The social relationships between coworkers and managers within an organization satisfies this need for
The two main forms of motivation in the work place are exentric and incentric theory’s based on many theorists in the field. Firstly incentric motivation, this focuses’ on what motivates the individual in the working environment, it specialises in employees unique needs and focuses on their strengths and goals they pursue to satisfy their needs. One of the first to construct this theory was Abraham H. Maslow, (A Theory of Human Motivation, 1943) telling us that this idea is not a contemporary one. He created the “pyramid of requirements” or “Hierarchy of needs”, theory’s which has since been used as bases for many companies. The pyramid has five main levels :( from lowest importance to highest level), at the bottom is Physiological needs- this includes the body’s automatic attempt to maintain normal functioning, for example thirst, nourishment, clothing, oxygen, sleep an...
Employee motivation is optimal when the external factors are tailored to the individuals’ needs. According to Maslow’s (1954) hierarchy of needs, people’s needs are divided into physiological, safety, relationship, esteem and self-ac...
There are two types of motivators, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivators are personal aspirations to do something like interest, challenge, and personal satisfaction. Extrinsic motivators come from outside the personal aspirations that include pay, bonuses, and other tangible rewards (book).
Efficiency, enthusiasm, malingering, mishaps, mental and physical health, and overall contentment, are the factors that are always
Pardee, R. L. (1990). Motivation Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor & McClelland. A Literature Review of Selected Theories Dealing with Job Satisfaction and Motivation.
In addition, by conducting an effective job evaluation for both frontline and backup staff, the value added by each could be determined. Specifically, this was achieved by measuring the required level of skill and effort, responsibility and respective working conditions of each segment (McShane et al, 2013). Consequently, using the principles behind Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene Theory described by (Robbins et al. 2012 p.271) it was identified, that front line employees needed greater recognition, greater praise and appreciation, increased job security and finally further opportunities, for personal growth, within the organisation. Similarly, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory is adopted, as frontline employee self-esteem, need for recognition and self-actualisation, contributes to achieving their full potential (Kulchmanov et al. 2014). Therefore, the effect of the introduced changes to the workplace, combined with adopting Maslow’s and Herzberg’s need theories, created a better working environment that encouraged job satisfaction (Robbins et al. 2012 p.271) and it is possible that Dr Chen, was well aware that job enrichment comprises the modification of tasks, in order that the employees can have an increased knowledge of the factors of motivation (Sachau, 2007).
According to Herzberg, the hygiene factors cannot be regarded as motivators, but, note that motivational factors produce positive satisfaction. These factors are integral to work and motivate the employees for superior performance. These factors are known as satisfiers and are also involved in performing the job.
As with any theory, the motivator-hygiene theory has its share of criticisms. Among them is the lack of consideration for individual differences. Herzberg’s theory only takes into account internal organizational factors and does not consider personal attitudes and beliefs of one’s work. Moreover, the two-factor theory assumes that high job satisfaction equates to performance at work. This, however, does not hold true in many situations.(insert example) A highly satisfied, content, and happy worker is not necessarily the hardest worker in an organization.
Motivation is an important function in organizations to motivate their employees for their ability to perform well, improving their skills, increasing productivity, job satisfaction and employee extension. Employees also are not a machines that we could just program their task in their brain and they will do it automatically, they require motivation to actually do their job properly. And so, after discussing the process models of the Maslow’s “Hierarchy of needs”, Douglas McGregor theory X and Y, and also the Herzberg’s “two factor motivation hygiene theory.” understanding the ways of motivating people, the human nature, and the substance of nature. I believe that the true motivation can only come from within and also managers can actually motivate all of their employees.
Based off of the gratification an individual contains towards their work is job satisfaction. The productivity could either be positive or negative while the relationship between the productivity and satisfaction may not be consistent. There are multiple internal and external factors of job satisfaction that can impact the behavior of an employee and engagement over time. The way the worker’s attitude concerning their field effects the performance they perform on a daily basis. One who is satisfied with the job they maintain, succeed at what they do. “It is therefore imperative for a company to understand the attitude of its workers and measure the job satisfaction of its employees, as job satisfaction is essential for productivity” (L. Bradshaw
Furthermore, there are three theories which explain the different factors in how employees are motivated based on their needs. The first theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, was proved by Abraham Maslow in the years of 1943 and 1954 (McLeod, 2013). Maslow believed that society developed their motivations depending on their needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a theory in which five motivational needs( self-actualization,esteem, belongingness and love, safety, and psychological) are demonstrated in a hierarchy pyramid. The five motivational needs are divided into three categories(basic, psychological, and