SADC: Recent Developments and Achievements
Introduction
Regional groupings such as SADC aims to bring neighbouring countries into a league or association or union where they will be able to work together in terms of matters concerning politics, economics and development, the ultimate being regional integration. The concept of regional integration is nothing new. During biblical times the Canaanites comprising of different countries formed a union to deal with the invading band of Israelites from Egypt.
The intention of regional integration is to form a centre that will promote the interests of all the member countries - as the old adage says ‘there is strength in numbers’.
In Africa, regional integration is necessary considering that the majority of African countries are small, weak and poor. Integrating the countries of Africa will help them in dealing with the issues of globalisation that poses a serious threat poor nations. In international stages such as the United Nations, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and the World Bank the voices of smaller countries such as Lesotho, Swaziland, Seychelles, Benin, etc are not heard.
With regional integration we are assuming that smaller countries such as Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana can come together and form one community like the SADC. Doing this they can form a collective powerful force that will enable them to deal with such burning issues like eradication of poverty, globalisation and social epidemics like HIV/AIDS.
Looking at the cases of Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Angola can highlight the benefits of regional integration. Tanzanian economy has stagnated since the eighties and failed to develop. It is only now that it is active member of the SADC that its economy is beginning to grow. DRC and Angola that have been ravaged by political shenanigans where warlords and rebels were the order of the day are learning from the other member countries like South Africa, Botswana that are politically stable. Communities such as the SADC have organs of politics and economic developments – organs that deal with the promotion and creation of democratic cultures while on the other hand facilitating economic developments to member countries.
SADC’s Decentralised Approach
Before 2001 the countries forming the SADC have identified many common challenges. These challenges are divided into sectors and are illustrated in the following diagram.
Environment and land managementInland fisheries, forestry and wildlife Tourism Culture, information and sport Marine fisheries and resources Finance and investment Human resources development Industry and trade Employment and labour Food, agriculture and natural resources Water conservation and distribution Transport and communication
Prostitution has been as issue in many societies around the world for almost all of recorded history. There has been evidence of brothels and prostitution dating far back into human history. Many different societies have different views, ideals, and reservation about the matter. Some cultures around the world view it as a necessary evil for people who need to support themselves and their families. Others view it as morally evil and socially destructive; helping to rot our society from the inside out. Even still there are cultures who don’t view it as evil at all and even a normal part of life. A person’s view on the act is formed largely based on the culture they are living in. Even sub cultures inside of larger one can have different view on the matter, such as religious groups that denounce it, to some groups in the same culture that say it is okay. Even the gauge of how industrialized a country can determine how that culture views prostitution, with many third world countries being more lenient on the matter, and many first world countries being much more strict on the matter, such as the some of the countries in Europe and also the United States.
Prostitution should be legalized and regulated as society would benefit in various ways, such as the reduced spread of sexually transmitted diseases, economic benefits, empowering women, and reducing the violence toward sex workers. Because prostitution is criminalized many suffer as a result. It is inhumane to subject people to violence, rape, or abuse when it could be prevented if prostitution is decriminalized and regulated. Due to the illegalization of prostitution, this profession is driven underground which undermines the safety of prostitutes. The issue with prostitution is the controversy on the social and moral legitimacy of commercial sex. Despite the public health concerns, legalized and regulated prostitution will benefit the health of society.
Learning, “as an interpretive, recursive, building process by active learners”, interrelates with the physical and social world (Fosnot, 1996). “Assuming the role as ‘guide on the side’ requires teachers to step off the stage, relinquish some of their power, and release the textbooks to allow their students to be actively engaged and take some responsibility of their own learning” (WhiteClark, DiCarlo, & Gilchriest, 2008, p. 44). Furthermore, constructivism involves developing the student as a learner through cooperative learning, experimentation, and open-ended problems in which students learn on their own through active participation with concepts and principles (Kearsley,
armies to remember God's goodness despite the difficult times, and to trust Him in spite of dire
Prostitution is one of the oldest professions in history. In this modern age there are several classes of prostitutes with several methods of finding work, but they still face violence in their business. Though prostitutes are frowned upon by society and treated as criminals, under the law they should not be scrutinized by the morals of the people. Prostitutes frequently feel they have no options due to their illegal work, should they be assaulted they cannot turn to the police since many officers refuse to aid them as criminals. Prostitution should be regulated to fight human trafficking, increase quality of life for the women working in the industry, and generate taxes for the government while reducing the cost of dealing with prostitution.
These “Inner Six” nations thus laid the framework for further integration of other nations within the region and its supranational principles were what led to the creation of the European Economic Community in 1957, further assimilating the European countries’ economies. The creations of these communities for economic purposes were meant to promote cooperation amongst European nations to prevent the further outbreak of violence which had subsided with the end of WWII. Through these general agreements of economic importance came further integration through the creation of more agreements throughout the 1960s, such as the abolishment of customs duties amongst their borders, creating free trade and border trade tax pacts among the Inner Six and across their borders to other signatory nations.
The United Nations (UN) was established at the end of World War II, in order to promote co-operation between nations. The UN replaced the failed and ineffective League of Nations; its goal was to prevent future conflicts. In the beginning, the Cold War was the main international topic so the United Nations spent most of its attention on preventing the United States and the Soviet Union from entering into a major war. In the after math of the Cold War many countries gained their independence, as states in Africa were being decolonized there was hostility between ethnic populations. The UN has been involved in sixty peace operation throughout the world since its inception. Two of the peace missions were launched in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The United Nations Organization in the Congo (ONUC) during the Cold War, and the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) in the early 2000’s with it currently still ongoing.
This practise of effective teaching and learning has relatively new in classrooms but has already made a great difference in the students’ abilities and interests both in and out of their studies. Constructivist teaching recognises and validates the student’s point of view rather then the necessity of a correct answer. The child is then able to reassess their knowledge and understandings, which in turn boosts self-esteem and confidence. It also encourages children to be involved in classroom activities by self-questioning, seeking answers, comparing situations and establishing links between different ideas. This is possible as constructive learning is transferable between different ideas. (Tutorial Notes, 28th July, 2004)
In conclusion, prostitution should be legalized for the well being of all parties. Labor laws would protect prostitutes, money would be saved on pointless investigations, and the number of Sexually Transmitted Diseases could be potentially decreased. Legalized prostitution could be altered to protect women; laws have to be specific and strict. Prostitution is inevitable, and those who practice it are not criminals.
...inst prostitution, then why some brothels legal, yet the prostitution as a whole are is illegal? Prostitution should not be a crime as the US takes it, because the prostitutes are not committing an inherently harmful act. While there is an argument that there will be spread of diseases, increase in criminal activities, and health effects, all these has been challenged by the proponents side and in fact if legalized, it will lead to a reduction of the above mentioned issues. If prostitution is legalized, it will be regulated and therefore, all these implications being mentioned will be eliminated.
As a senior at the University of Arizona with a double major in Economics and Geography, economic development in the global south is something I would like to pursue as a career after graduation. It is therefore necessary to understand the problems associated with it and why different approaches have not been as successful as agencies have hoped. First, I will define economic development and its major players. Although there are many complicated factors that cause economic development issues, I will focus on and explain how ignorance of local circumstances, large debts, problems with trade, and a lack of consideration for certain people have made economic development difficult in the global south.
According to Hill, regional economic integration refers to "agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce, and ultimately remove, tariff and nontariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other." The prevailing economic argument for regional economic integration is that it creates economic synergy by allowing each country to focus only on what it is most efficient at producing.
Regional integration is the process by which two or more states agree to cooperate closely together to achieve peace, stability and wealth. Usually, integration involves one or more written agreements that describe the area of cooperation in detail, as well as some coordinating bodies representing the countries involved.
Lignin is one of the key elements that allowed for plants to be able to evolve to a point where they were able to survive on land. Lignin is a macromolecule that serves to bind cellulose together and create strong structural support for plants. A plant’s ability to grow is especially limited by their strength, making lignin crucial for vascular plants. Plants lacking lignin are often non-vascular, and are less evolved than those plants with lignin present. Without lignin land plants would not be able to stand upright, which would interfere with many things necessary to plant growth, such as the conduction of sunlight as well as shade avoidance, or being able to grow out of lightless areas.
There are methods that are considered very different than constructivism that are used in the classroom. One of the approaches is the traditional approach where the teacher teaches the information to the student, and the student does not contribute as much or convey the prior knowledge of the material during instruction (Airasian & Walsh, 1997). It has been said that traditional teaching can segregate students, especially ones with special needs, in the classroom (Bloom; Perlmutter& Burrell, 1999). In other words, traditional instruction is a more teacher-centered approach that uses rote, fact based learning. The teachers create the values, behaviors, and beliefs for the students. The teacher is in charge of the classroom, where they have rewards and consequences, and the students work mostly by themselves (this is very different that the constructivist classroom, which will be explained) (Windschitl, 1999).