Russia and China Government
explanatory Essay
1095 words
Both China and Russia are powerhouse countries when it comes to influence among other world nations. These past few weeks especially, with Russia officially annexing Ukraine, and China claiming that they have 21 satellites in space. Area wise both countries are massive and have an abundance of resources. Both countries at one time were communist but now only China still remains a country controlled by a communist party.
At 6,592,800 sq mi, Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Although with 3,705,407 sq mi, China is the world's second-largest country by land area. In Russia the population is 142,500,482, which is measly compared to China’s 1,349,585,838. In both Countries a majority of their population are 25 to 54 years old. However, while China’s population is growing by 0.46%, Russia’s is declining by negative 0.02%.
Russia’s government is a federal republic where the central government dominates over regional governments. The central government controls revenue and security forces. The executive power is split between the president, who is the head of state, and the prime minister. The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and is only allowed to serve for two consecutive terms. The president nominates potential governors and some regional governors lost their seats in the upper house. Other sections of the government are composed of the Premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals. All are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
The Duma in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia. The State D...
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...a has administrative control over 22 provinces and considers Taiwan to be its 23rd province, but Taiwan is independently governed. There are also 5 official autonomous regions and 4 municipalities. These 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, and 4 municipalities make up what is known as the mainland of China.
America and other nations of the west describe China as a “communist dictatorship.” They focus on its terrible human rights record and the “inhuman brutality” of the country’s rapid modernization. Russia, on the other hand, is treated at worst as a “flawed democracy”. Despite its offensive statements, Western leaders try to maintain good relations with the President, Vladimir Putin. The two former communist countries have been viewed differently by America. Russia, with its frowned upon values, is somewhat accepted by us, while China is criticized and condemned.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that both china and russia are powerhouse countries when it comes to influence among other world nations.
- Explains that russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of the earth's inhabited land area.
- Explains that russia's government is a federal republic where the central government dominates over regional governments. the executive power is split between the president and the prime minister.
- Explains that the state duma in the russian federation is the lower house of the federal assembly of russia, the upper house being the federation council.
- Explains that putin appointed new officials to control federal agencies in regions such as security services, tax police, and regional branches of national tv stations.
- Explains that russia's political culture is the opposite of america’s. they trust in their government to make laws and policies that make the country a better place.
- Explains that russia's transition has gone from post-communism to an oligarchic capitalism to a state capitalism.
- Explains that china instituted economic reforms in 1978, while russia adopted perestroika and glasnost in the 1980s. china did not adopt multi-party democracy or a "market economy."
- Explains that china is a combination of communism and socialist politics. the communist party of china (cpc) has been accused of lacking the ideology of what is supposed to be communist.
- Explains that the president cannot serve more than two successive five-year terms. recent presidents also hold positions of general secretary of the ccp.
- Explains that the premier is the chief executive of government, which means he does day-to-day governing. he oversees activities of 45 member state council assisted by 4 vice-premiers.
- Explains that china has multiple parties like russia except that all of those parties are controlled by the main communist party.
- Explains that the justice system is swift and harsh, with a 98%-99% conviction rate, long prison terms, and many offenses subject to capital punishment. there has been an increase in lawyers and new laws and regulations to help regulate the legal system.
- Explains china's political system is decentralized, and provincial and sub-provincial leaders have significant independence. china is a world superpower with an immense population, rapid economic growth, strong military hand, advanced technology and international influence.
- Explains that the people's republic of china has administrative control over 22 provinces and considers taiwan to be its 23rd province, but taiwan is independently governed.
- Explains that america and other nations of the west describe china as a "communist dictatorship" while russia is treated at worst as "flawed democracy".
Related
- analytical
- explanatory
- argumentative
- Communism impacted the countries of Russia and China in both strikingly similar and different ways, for the better, or for the worse. During the time period of 1900 to 1945, communism in China and Russia were developed both differently and similarly by the audience to whom they appealed, the programs they sponsored, how they incorporated nationalism into those programs, how effectively they were resisted, and in how the Communist rules were structured. They both appealed to the peasantry, sponsored programs that would call for equal opportunity given to the people, and were resisted ineffectively but the Chinese altered their programs, due to the difference in politics, geographic location, and social problems. The audience in which they appealed to were similar, for they both appealed to the peasantry due to harsh times. They both rose to power due to the fact that the country wanted to end war but their opposing political party did not meet these needs. Nationalism was an important feature of both as China needed nationalism to fight the Japanese while Russia needed nationalism to pull out of the war. The programs they sponsored essentially were similar in many aspects although they did not match up perfectly because of the geological, social, and political differences of China. Communism affected both countries in a variety of different ways.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how communism impacted the countries of russia and china in a variety of different ways.
- Analyzes how the communist programs of russia and china appealed to a wide range of audiences but focused primarily on the working class.
- Explains that communism arose because the kuomintang, china's nationalist party, was too focused on decimating the communists. the bolsheviks gained popularity as vladimir ilyich ulyanov stated that he would pull russia out of the war.
- Explains that nationalism played a great role in china's fight against the japanese in the sino-japanese war.
- Explains how the first five-year plan was put into motion and included an industrialization program. the shock brigade movement is when labor production increases and the workers try to surpass the quota.
- Explains how china's communist party helped the red army get ready for the revolution that would later occur in the 1950’s.
- Explains that the ural mountains were used as the backbone to integrate other territories such as siberia, europe, and central asia into the communist reach, which affected the way chinese communist programs were set up.
- Explains that the communists in the kuomintang failed because they were too inexperienced, timid, and venal. they fled when they could have attacked and gained victory.
- Cites memorandum on communism in china (institute of pacific relations, american council).
- Compares how communism in china and russia impacted both countries, whether it was beneficial or harmful.
- Analyzes harper, samuel n., "the soviet five-year plan." proceedings of the academy of political science 14.3 (1931): 83-96.
- Explains strayer, robert w. ways of the world: a brief global history. boston, ma: bedford/st. martin's, 2009. turin, p.
1848 wordsRead More - China and United Statesanalytical essayThe history of United States-China relations tells a story of distrust, exploitation, naivety, and conflicting viewpoints, but also one of a struggle to bypass those differences. In recent decades, the two nations have been increasingly reliant on one another, but America still cannot overcome many of the divisions established between the U.S. and Maoist China Michael Schaller argues. Though relations became hostile the era following the end of the Second World War, China's diplomatic view of the U.S. and the West had always been quite reserved. China's attitude towards America never deterred it (America) from pursuing its interest within the Far East. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, America sought to open the Chinese market to expand trade and increase the amount of missionary work within China. From the collapse of the Qing until the end of the "loss of China" in 1949, the U.S. sought to insure that the Chinese market and potential military power remained U.S.-friendly in the post-war era. After Mao's Communist Party of China seized the mainland, the U.S. began to point fingers for the loss of Chang Kai-shek's pro-American state. Tensions eventually cooled in the 1970s with Nixon's outreach to China, ushering in a détente between the powers. In this new stage of relations, America and China sought to forward mutual interests towards the containment of the Soviet bloc.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the history of united states-china relations tells a story of distrust, exploitation, and naivety, but also one of the struggle to bypass those differences.
- Explains that america began its history with china "from their initial contact in the 1780s" during the twilight years of china's imperial era.
- Analyzes how the growth of international narcotics trade broke down china's isolation as more chinese became addicts of the opium imported by british merchants.
- Analyzes how the expansion of the alien religion sparked attacks on missionaries and converts alike, driving the wedge between the chinese and the west.
- Explains that many americans found it difficult to accept the new wave of chinese immigrants to america. the senate passed the chinese exclusion act in 1882.
- Explains how the united states sought to ensure its role as a major player in the asian market without having to compete militarily for domination of china.
- Explains that the chinese were too weak to reverse the tide of foreign domination within their nation. revolutionaries such as sun yat-sen and yuan shihk'ai overthrow the qing regime.
- Explains that the kmt established a "unified front" against japanese aggression and sent chang kai-shek to the soviet union to protect the nation from japan.
- Analyzes how the ccp's wartime policy of fighting japanese forces and self-portrayal as a pan-chinese unifier led to tense relations between the two nations.
- Analyzes how nixon and kissinger campaigned for a "peace with honor" after the vietnam war and tet offensive. china saw the opportunity to improve sino-american relations.
- Explains that nixon's resignation in 1974 worried chinese officials, who questioned whether his opening to china had provoked it. politics in the u.s. would slow the process of normalizing relations with china.
- Analyzes how the economic interests of the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries have strengthened the need to maintain a working relationship with the other, yet tension because of geopolitical ambitions tends to put both nations at odds with one another.
- Analyzes how sino-american relations have been tedious, but there are moments of cooperation between the two powers. america's outlook of china has been naive, and the struggles of modernization and american attempts to control the region have caused drastically varied reactions.
2040 wordsRead More - Communism And Communism Similaritiesexplanatory essayAmong the many countries that have been under Communist rule, the former Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China are two countries that are evidently similar and can be compared because of their everlasting impact on the history of Communism. Although these two countries show similarities within their communist rulings, they can also be contrasted. An important comparison is each Communist state’s rise to power, where each country suffered a lot of hardships to achieve communism. As well, both the Soviet Union and China have had very influential and extreme leaders, more specifically Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, and Mao Zedong in China. Another factor that is both very comparable is the political and social conditions, but show some dissimilarity as well. Lastly, within these two Communist states, there were two major ideologies, being Marxism-Leninism in the Soviet Union, and Maoism in China. The former Soviet Union and China are the most prominent countries under the Communist rule in history, and the similarities and differences between them are difficult to
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the communist manifesto was a distribution of the ideology that would become known as marxism. they explain that communists believe that social change comes through mass movements that are not by elections.
- Explains that communist countries include the word "democratic" in their name even though its citizens are denied many of the rights that people expect in democracies.
- Explains that the former soviet union and the people's republic of china are two countries that are evidently similar and can be compared because of their everlasting impact on the history of communism.
- Explains that the possibility of future russian communism began with the elimination of serfdom in 1861. the poverty epidemic made the general public very open to the idea of communism.
- Explains that leon trotsky (1879-1940) was one of the major contributors to the russian revolution, along with lenin. the bolsheviks won the support of some russians by using the slogan "bread and land"
- Explains that china had a 4,000-year history, parallel to russia before the revolution, and was an unified state under several dynasties.
- Compares the chinese thinkers to the bolsheviks, although they were not as extreme at the beginning as the soviets.
- Explains how mao led the remaining 80,000 communists on a yearlong retreat through the mountains to escape the government forces, known as the "long march".
1982 wordsRead More - The Relationship between the US and Chinaanalytical essayFrom the beginning of their establishment, the bilateral relations between the United States of America and China have changed throughout the time. The bilateral relations of the two countries emerged from 1970’s with the ‘Ping-Pong’ diplomacy and there have been many pauses in their mutual relations. The US and China enjoyed cooperation in economic and military spheres and the mutual relations grew massively during until the end of 1990’s. The heads of the two states began visiting each other’s countries and the economic ties were tightening year by year. However, the issues of human rights and free speech declined mutual Sino-American relations. The American principle of democracy promotion and human rights protection minimized the Sino- American relations after the Tiananmen Square events in 1989, the US Presidents-George Bush and Bill Clinton- playing a key role in determining the further American foreign policy towards China.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the first decade of american-chinese relations started in 1971 with 'ping-pong diplomacy', when mao zedong invited american table tennis team to visit china.
- Analyzes how the events of tiananmen square had a negative impact on the relations between the us and china.
- Explains that the president of the united states formulates american foreign policy and plays an important role in the conflict situations. the case of tiananmen massacre became a topic for debate in both domestic and international politics.
- Analyzes how the issue of human rights in china and the tiananmen incident negatively influenced the diplomatic relations between america and china.
- Explains that the relations between the united states of america and china have always been unstable. the two countries developed mutual relations from the end of world war ii until the 1970s.
- Cites bosworth, barry, "conflicts in the u.s.-china economic relationship: opposite sides of the same coin?", the brookings institution.
- Cites dong, wang, the asia-pacific journal, vol. 11, issue 24, no. 4, june 17, 2013.
- Cites lawrence, susan v., "u.s.-china relations: an overview of policy issues", accessed october 19, 2013.
- Explains that china through a lens is a lens of china-us relations, accessed october 19, 2013.
- Opines that china's foreign relations after tiananmen: challenges for the u.s.
- Explains turner, oliver, "sino-us relations then and now: discourse, images, policy", political perspectives 2011, vol.
- Cites yuan, jing-dong, "sino-us military relations since tiananmen: restoration, progress, and pitfalls".
- Cites yan, xuetong, "the instability of china–us relations", the chinese journal of international politics 3, no. 3 (2010): 263-292.
- Explains that the bilateral relations between the united states of america and china have changed since the 1970s with the 'ping-pong' diplomacy.
- Explains that the 1980s were the decade of different types of reforms and growth in the american-chinese transfer of goods, values, ideas and technology.
1491 wordsRead More - The Legacy of Russia and the Soviet Union - Authoritarian and Repressive Traditions that Refuse toanalytical essayHistorically, Russia has always been a country of perplexing dualities. The reality of Dual Russia, the separation of the official culture from that of the common people, persisted after the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War. The Czarist Russia was at once modernized and backward: St. Petersburg and Moscow stood as the highly developed industrial centers of the country and two of the capitals of Europe, yet the overwhelming majority of the population were subsistent farms who lived on mir; French was the official language and the elites were highly literate, yet 82% of the populati...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes itarian and repressive traditions of russia and the soviet union that refuse to die.
- Narrates how the ghost of nicolas ii visited brezhnev to inquire about the conditions of his mother russia, only to be told that nothing had changed since his reign except that the vodka was now 20 percent instead of 15.
- Opines that russia's political culture has been inherited from its czarist days and manifested throughout its subsequent development.
- Analyzes how russia was modernized and backward after the revolution of 1917 and the civil war, despite hard censorship and persecution.
- Analyzes how the romanovs ruled russia as autocrats with absolute power, whereas stalin was an iron-willed leader who forcibly steered russia towards modernization and led its people to wwii victory.
- Explains that the great question of russia, historically, had been what is to be done with the land. stalin seized lands from the peasants through the costly great collectivization.
- Explains that pre-civil war russia influenced its later developments in two ways: imperialistic tradition and the civil war.
- Analyzes how the anti-counterrevolutionary cheka became a prelude for the yezhovchina, when no one was safe from stalin's purges, death rolls, and gulags.
- Argues that itarian and repressive traditions in russia are the greatest obstacles to achieving true democracy.
- Explains tucker, robert c., "the mortal danger". course reader for world culture: russia since 1917.
- Opines that stalinism is a revolution from above, edited by robert c. tucker.
1785 wordsRead More - The Foundation for Capitalismargumentative essay...s to cripple its people of poverty, increase its debt, and the future of the United States is still uncertain. These two countries, X and Y, both operate on capitalism but are led in two separate directions. China (Y) operates on a state-led capitalism, while the United States (X) operates on a market-led capitalism.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that freedom is simply the right of an individual to control his or her own actions, that aids in the development of humanity.
- Explains that capitalism is a social system that exists in all countries, cultures, religions, and aspects of the world.
- Opines that capitalism is essentially a free market economy. capitalism must operate with society as whole, meaning globally, because the production of goods and services depend on the cooperation and strength of relationships with other countries.
- Explains that there are two types of freedom: positive and negative. negative freedom prevents an individual from doing whatever it is that they choose to do. positive freedom determines a course of action that allows them to reach their full potential.
- Opines that freedom should have a disclaimer attached which states all of its many restrictions, with "freedom is not free." the amount of freedom and individual has is based on the ethical system of society and which class of economic standing the individual is born into.
- Explains that socialism refers to common ownership. the global population as a whole and in common has both access and ownership to the resources of the world.
- Explains that each person contributes their services on a voluntary basis, all in the effort of producing the goods that everyone would use as society. fraternity members are not paid to work for their organizations, but their efforts are used to see the continuance of the organizations.
- Explains that communism is similar to that of socialists in the aspect of common ownership. rich or poor, black or white are allowed to attain social and financial status equal to the middle class.
- Explains that state control is a means of production, so individuals cannot own their business, cars, homes, etc., because the state owns everything. placing all power within the states is an issue for some individuals.
- Analyzes how friedman's ideas measure up to the real world events displayed throughout. he believes that politics and economics are separate and largely unconnected.
- Explains that the restraints placed on many activities, and actions citizens are allowed to enjoy and participate have negative freedom. political leaders are concerned more with the welfare of the general population versus individuals.
- Explains that laissez-faire essentially means "hands off" by the government, to let the economy be and business work without their influence. friedman disagrees with this concept.
- Analyzes friedman's belief of the careful control of money, arguing that an economy cannot thrive due to goods and services being either too expensive or too inexpensive.
- Compares how china (y) is doing an exceptionally better job than the united states (x) when it comes to managing the ongoing crisis of capitalism.
- Compares the two forms of capitalism: a mother choosing what is best for her child's long-term future (y) or allowing her children to make decisions on their own so they may learn from their mistakes (x).
1179 wordsRead More - China and United Statesanalytical essayPolitical science theory is composed of several ideological sections. One of the more commonly understood ideologies in political science theory is liberal institutionalism. Liberal institutionalism is a branch under political science theory and is created by people generally known as “liberals.” Liberals see a global society that functions alongside states and sets an important part of the context for state action.2 In the context of the rapid growth of China, Liberals and more specifically Neoliberals see the present circumstance as an instance in which China can grow to join the United States in a peaceful hegemonic fusion. I present that if China can adopt the neoliberal paradigm then it can easily progress to the strong hegemon it desires without cause of friction between themselves and the United States
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how neoliberalism's claims about cooperation are mostly based on its belief that states are atomistic actors.
- Argues that anarchy is a powerful force and can be used to explain state motives and actions. china and the united states must cooperate since mutual benefits are more attractive and better long-term strategy.
- Opines that the united states must realize that through cooperation, china can become a joint hegemonic force in the present world. cooperation, trust, and liberalism will become common nouns of the future
- Analyzes joseph m. grieco's "anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism".
- Explains joseph s. welch david nye, understanding global conflict and cooperation : an introduction to theory and history.
- Argues that the adoption of the neoliberal ideological structure is a positive step for the country of china.
956 wordsRead More - Russian Immigration to Americaanalytical essayRussia is a different country than most are used to which has made a history for itself. Russia played a huge part in World War II as well as established many scientific minds and creation. The first mission (unmanned) to outer space was conducted by Russia (Soviet Union). Their government is similar to democracy, but contains a president, a prime minister, a judicial branch, and a Russian Federation Assembly (State Duma and the Federation Council). Power is split between the Prime Minister (Dmitry Medvedev) and the President (Vladimir Putin); however, the president has deciding power (Darlington, 2014).
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes the culture, background, history, and modern day influences of russian-american citizens.
- Explains that there are many stereotypes in the american society that bestow an idea of the depiction of russians.
- Explains that russia is a different country than most people are used to. they have established many scientific minds and created the first mission to outer space.
- Explains that russians did not necessarily immigrate to the united states overseas due to overpopulation, political disruption, and famine. they found a large quantity of land and claimed it theirs.
- Explains that alcohol is a depressant used as an escape mechanism for those in need of nonfictional worlds that casts worries aside and enjoys the moment.
- Explains that russians and russian-americans use alcohol to express themselves with emotions and ideation.
- Analyzes how the influence of alcohol on citizens became so corrupt that the government closed the production of vodka to control the wide outspread of drinking.
- Explains that stressors in the russian-american culture lead to alcohol abuse, which leads to physical abuse on the children.
- Explains that gender plays a role in the alcohol crisis in russian-american culture, but differently than many will think.
- Explains that treating someone who struggles with a substance abuse disorder is difficult; however, the battle against cultural factors causes the recovery to become more difficult than expected.
- Describes alcohol anonymous as a treatment plan that uses support, 12-step program, and spirituality to aid the patient in their recovery from alcohol addiction/dependence.
- Opines that there is little documentation of the prevalence rates of russian immigrates. russian drinking demonstrations showed a high rate of substance abuse, primarily alcohol.
- Opines that russian-american descents are approached with problematic instances that brings them to substance abuse. treatment tools, support, and trust can help these individuals find assistance in this problematic field.
- Cites the library of congress' publication, immigration: russina/polish. mackay, d., (2014).
1417 wordsRead More - Modern Russia is in Search of a Secular Model of Relationships Between Religions and the Stateexplanatory essayThe modern Russian state is rather new. It is a little bit more than 20 years old, beginning from 1993 when the working Russian Constitution was adopted. The state and the statehood build up the system, where the state is closely related to the key elements of the statehood. But these elements are not the only ones. No doubt that the statehood is a more complex phenomenon than the state just because the statehood has lots of noninstitutionalized elements e.g., secularism and religiosity.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the modern russian state is more than 20 years old, beginning from 1993 when the working russian constitution was adopted. the state and the statehood build up the system.
- Explains the concept of secularism, as a principle of politics and the state, first enunciated in the declaration of the rights of man and citizen in france (1789).
- Explains that different states made their way to democracies on the basis of the new, enlightened, and secular ideologies starting from xviii century.
- Explains that secularism has not cut religions out of public life; it has just changed the nature of their presence.
- Explains that the russian constitution, international laws and treaties, federal laws, and other statutory enactments protect freedom of conscience and religion in russia.
- Explains the essence of freedom of conscience and religion in article 28 of the constitution. article 29 guarantees the right to free thought and speech.
780 wordsRead More - The Alliance Between China and the Soviet Unionanalytical essayThe alliance between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Soviet Union was formed as a result of mutual interests and the desire of both states to pursue their respective national and geopolitical imperatives. Although Chinese historical experience and Marxist ideology played a role in constructing these interests, the actions of the Chinese Community Party (CCP) reflect an overarching proclivity toward solidifying their power and securing the nascent republic. This essay will examine the multifarious factors that influenced the Soviet alliance, including relations between the PRC, United States (US) and Soviet Union in addition to PRC foreign policy and its strategic objectives.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes the multifarious factors that influenced the soviet alliance, including relations between the prc, united states, and soviet union.
- Analyzes how the prc's nationalism is the recrudescence of sino-centrism, acting as a bulwark to foreign intervention.
- Explains that a resurgence of sino-centrism doesn't ipso facto account for the soviet alliance. the ccp's status in soviet policy was often subordinate to the kuomintang.
- Argues that a sino-american alliance could have been envisaged despite the soviet duplicity toward the ccp.
- Explains that communist ideology provides an essential underpinning of prc and soviet relations.
- Analyzes how the prc's foreign policy objectives are crucial in elucidating the soviet alliance.
- Analyzes how the 1949 sino-soviet alliance was necessary to resolve a number of outstanding concerns, including opposition to the re-emergence of japan, expansion of communism, and increased chinese representation in international institutions.
- Concludes that the alliance between the prc and the soviet union was chiefly born out of necessity. beijing and moscow appear reluctant allies, with a hint of the prisoner’s dilemma to their alliance.
1591 wordsRead More