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Government and its policies have always challenged the debate of the governing factor in our universe, fate or free will. In ancient times, monarchs were believed to have been given a divine will to rule and exert laws, as if their path had been predestined. However, as kingship fell out of influence, our government has considered itself, “by the people.” Modern issues, such as the controversy over the National Minimum Drinking Age, raise questions on the effects of free will and fate, and the association between the two. Viewing this specific contention through the context of Sophocles’ Oedipus the King and Tom Tykwer’s thriller Run Lola Run we can speculate about the role of determinism and free will in our lives.
Alcohol consumption has been a salient, controversial issue in America, since colonization. In the 1800s and early 1900s, the issue of morality drove opponents of alcohol consumption, leading to the first legislation concerning the minimum legal drinking age. More recently, the drinking age came under scrutiny in the 1960s, as the Vietnam War reintroduced the draft into American society. Due to the passage
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Lola’s fleeting interactions with others illustrates the butterfly effect, in which small, insignificant change at one point in time can have a large effect later. Just as Lola’s brief encounters with others greatly affect these various characters lives, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act has led to many unforeseen consequences. American news is full of reports and stories of the growing uneasiness of life on college campuses. Lowering the drinking age would be a solution to this problem. Parties would be much safer, as they could be regulated and registered. Decisions, thus, can affect fate and subsequent actions. Government policies may seem insignificant and beneficial, but cause negative effects in the long run and great alterations in the
Run Lola Run is a film set in Berlin, Germany, where in the opening sequence we are introduced to a bird's-eye view of the entire setting; which is a view of Berlin's old city urban streets. The film was originally an art festival film, which allowed the auteur/director, Tom Tykwer, to experiment with several and generally risky and non-commercial camera angles and visual features to create the film's idiosyncratic emphasis on time, fate and human urgency. In doing so we are first shown a bird's-eye angle that merges into establishing shots that rapidly track to extreme close ups. Also in the first 5 mins of the film, we see the use of cross-cutting when Lola is having a conversation on the phone with Manni. This.This is interspersed with black and white flashbacks that are gradually sped up. Following up on this Tykwer employs jump cuts as Lola chooses to embark on her life or death 20 minute odyssey. Changing it up Tykwer follows this scene with a cartoon strip of Lola, which then cuts back to live action. The overall result of Tykwer, using many different visual techniques was to again create a sense of urgency, effectively placing the viewer along side Lola in her frantic twenty minute race against time through the the city streets of Berlin.
"Americans Still Oppose Lowering the Drinking Age." Gallup Poll Briefing. (24 July 2014). Web. 19 Feb. 2016. The article provides the views of those who wish to keep the legal drinking age at 21. It states that almost 75% of Americans are still against lowering the drinking age. They believe that the higher age has reduced drinking and driving accidents. Also stated is the belief that since it has been in act for thirty years it should be left the same. The articles also provides statistics based on the specific classes of Americans who are for or against the issue. The purpose of the article is to show readers the benefits of keeping the drinking age as is. It was published on a website that is used to report new and political issues, therefore, allowing it to draw the attention of many people. It is unique in the fact that it provides surveys and information about the specific kinds of people that were surveyed. This article helps me with my thesis because it provides me with the views of people who do not agree with it, therefore, allowing me to show both sides of the
Evidently, various works bring a different approach to free will’s role in conquering fate. Within Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov is only freed from his fate of being consumed guilt when he confesses to his crime, proving that while he is physically imprisoned, he is emotionally and psychologically free from the predestined. Here, Dostoevsky suggests that freedom from one’s circumstances is only attainable by utilizing free will to challenge the predetermined. Similarly, Hamlet suggests that actions often have the reverse effect, as Hamlet had intended to challenge the predetermined, but ultimately gave into it. Representing his fate, the ghost of Hamlet’s father enacts the vicious cycle of vengeance that results in the prince’s death. On the other hand, Oedipus the King illustrates the young king’s blind and unintentional secession to his circumstances. Sophocles depicts the eternal endeavor to challenge the predetermined with little knowledge of the future. Thus, Candide offers a solution to the conflict between free will and fate, as Voltaire suggests that one’s circumstances are fixed, but free will enables the individual to try to better the predetermined. Moreover, one can only challenge an environment when equipped with the proper mindset, subsequently transforming these circumstances into destiny. Thus, these various works reveal several
"Every second of every day you are faced with a decision that can change your life. The difference between life or death can be decided in a split second" (IMDb). Run Lola Run is an excellent 80-minute German film written/directed by Tom Tykwer and edited by Mathilde Bonnefoy that has a four part "What if" style genre. The movie just throbs with kinetic energy mixed with a case of Monster Energy Drinks. It is so fast-paced that it is like a roller coaster that is unstable with each twist and turn. Run Lola Run will captivate your mind and spirit with beautiful and free form flashes of anticipation, panic, passion, desperation, hesitation, fear and fervor that when all combined is quite invigorating and will significantly exhausts its viewers. The formula editor Mathilde Bonnefoy uses to manage the complex rhythms in this film not only dazzles viewers with the pacing, but it also maintains an extensive focus on what Lola is doing and why she is doing it.
In the contents of this paper, four points of view will be discussed on an extremely controversial issue that has an effect on a large percentage of citizens in the United States. The issue at hand is whether the legal age to consume alcohol should be lowered from 21 to 18, and will state a pro and con side, as well as 2 stakeholders for each side of the argument. The stakeholders on the pro side are as follows: Underage consumers of alcohol, businesses that sell and the companies that produce alcohol. The people on the con side of the argument that would want the legal age to remain at 21 include State and Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, as well as the demographic of Parents that would prefer to keep their children from being exposed to alcohol at a potentially young age. As you continue to read the stakeholders opinions and arguments will be explained, after which the author’s personal opinion will be advanced. After doing my own in depth research on the topic, the legal age to consume alcohol should remain at 21 as set by the United States Congress when they passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act (NMDAA) in July of 1984. This act punished every state that allowed persons below 21 years of age to purchase and publicly possess alcoholic beverages by reducing its annual federal highway apportionment by ten percent. (National Minimum Drinking Age Act) This caused all fifty continental U.S. states to set their legal drinking age to 21, and it has remained there for thirty years.
The legal drinking age in the United States will always be a point of contention. No one can settle upon a drinking age that everyone is in agreement with; should it be 18 or 21? Ages 18 and 21 are the most popular options, yet neither one has 100% of the vote. With the current legal drinking age in America standing at 21, meaning that people under the age of 21 cannot purchase or consume alcoholic food or beverages, there is the question of whether or not to lower it to 18 or 19 years old. This paper will argue that the drinking age should be lowered, and examine its impact on State University.
After the American Revolution, drinking was on the rise. To combat this, a number of societies were organized as part of a new Temperance movement which attempted to dissuade people from becoming intoxicated. At first, these organizations pushed moderation, but after several decades, the movement's focus changed to complete prohibition of alcohol consumption. (Brayton)
We knocked on the door of the off-campus apartment, as it opened we were confronted with the heavy stench of alcohol. A young girl was passed out on the living room floor, a pile of empty beer cans filled the kitchen sink, and the deafening music rattled the window panes. A group of girls managed to stumble past us. They waved goodbye to the host, who was handing drinks to me and my sister. It was not my first time drinking. In fact, everyone there was quite experienced – after all, it’s college. Half of the guests were completely drunk, and I had no problem with it. That is, until later that night when my sister locked herself in a room with a guy she had met only a week before. This prompted me to seriously consider the effects of alcohol. Would my sister have been able to see the danger of the situation had she been sober? Would the absence of alcohol have prevented the events of that night from occurring? These questions, along with the vivid memory of that night, fueled my examination of the complex social problem of underage drinking.
“Either we are a nation of lawbreakers, or this is a bad law”, says John McCardell, author for the Greenhaven Press (McCardell, 2012). What McCardell is referring to is the law barring the consumption of alcohol in individuals under the age of twenty-one in the United States. John McCardell is the former president of Middlebury College, and he is also the founder of the Choose Responsibly group (Baldouf, 2007). This group is a nonprofit organization that travels around the country sharing McCardell’s proposal about the drinking age...
Before World War II, the age of majority in America was twenty-one. At this age, men entered into their full rights and obligations, such as the expectation to fight for their country, the freedom to vote, and the right to consume alcohol (Poe, 2). There was no confusion pertaining to what a man was allowed to do. Everything was consistent. When the draft age was lowered to eighteen during the Second World War, the nation went into frenzy. The American people did not think it was fair that at eighteen young men could be forced to go out and fight for their country, but were not permitted vote (Poe, 2). In their minds the only compromise that seemed fair was to give the men the ballot in return for their service to our country (Poe, 2). However, no one argued that men be given the right to drink, because of their service to our country. In fact, Senator Joshua Lee believed that soldiers under twenty-one years of age needed to be protected from drinking by their older fellow service men (Poe, 2). Congress concluded that only the states could change their voting and drinking ages, but surprisingly, the states did not rush to do so (Poe,2). Eventually, the soldiers were demobilized,...
During the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, many saw alcohol as a cause of instability among communities. To counteract the effects of alcohol on American society, The Temperance Movement, Prohibition Party and many others sought to enact anti-liquor laws that would prohibit the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol. On January 19, 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment had taken effect and a nationwide ban on alcohol was enacted. This was thought of as a solution to the many problems that America had at the time, but it only made matters worse. The American society had been greatly affected by the Eighteenth Amendment in many negative aspects such as increasing crime and violence, worsening the economy, and much more.
The first establishment of a national drinking age actually started before prohibition. The temperance movement at the time used a minimum drinking age to gradually bring about the ban of alcohol all together. In 1919 the temperance movement got what they wanted and the 18th Amendment was created banning the sale of Alcohol in America. This ultimately failed resulting in increased gang violence and bootlegging. In 1933 due to a change of public opinion the ban was lifted with what is called the 21st Amendment. After prohibition what was left of the temperance movement made sure that a minimum drinking age remained. This made it illegal for anyone under 21 to buy liquor but in some states you could still buy beer at 18. This remained the case for the next forty years. In the early 70’s when baby boomers were dealing with the Vietnam war there was pressure to lower the drinking age, so many states (29 of them) lowered the LDA to either 18 or 19. The big argument was that if one could die in combat why couldn’t he have a drink. But, as the baby boomers aged there wasn’t as much support for these liberties so by the 80’s most states went back to 21. Then in 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age Act passed which forced all states to adopt a drinking age of 21 within 2 years or face being cut federal funds for state highways.
In Sophocles ' Oedipus the King, the themes of fate and free will are very strong throughout the play. Only one, however, brought about Oedipus ' downfall and death. Both points could be argued to great effect. In ancient Greece, fate was considered to be a rudimentary part of daily life. Every aspect of life depended and was based upon fate (Nagle 100). It is common belief to assume that mankind does indeed have free will and each individual can decide the outcome of his or her life. Fate and free will both decide the fate of Oedipus the King.
The world may never know if we have power to control our ultimate destinies or not. However, it is clear in Oedipus the King and The Epic of Gilgamesh that free will does not exist. Oedipus and Gilgamesh are puppets being controlled by the gods above, helpless to exercise free will. No matter what course they take, Oedipus cannot escape from killing his father and marry his mother and Gilgamesh cannot escape death. Nevertheless, their fears cause them to try to manipulate their actions and stop their fates from occurring. It is only a matter of time before these two characters fail in their attempts and realize that trying to control destiny is futile.
Run Lola Run is a film set in Berlin , Germany. This film gives you the idea of running with Lola on her journey to come up with one hundred marks in twenty minutes to save her boyfriend Manni’s life. Tom Tykwer uses many film techniques that usually are not used in movies , making this film not like every other Hollywood movie. Techniques such as the use of flashback and flash forward , this giving the film an idea that just by one slightest move or event can change your move in different ways. Other techniques that made this film interesting and attention grabbing is the use of animation, cross- cutting, birds eye view and medium shot.