"Robert Mugabe." African Biography. Gale, 1999. World History in Context. Web. 6 Apr. 2014.
"Zimbabwe." Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. Ed. Timothy L. Gall and Derek M. Gleason. 13th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2012. World History in Context. Web. 7 Apr. 2014.
"Robert Mugabe Becomes the First Prime Minister of Zimbabwe: April 18, 1980."Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Ed. Jennifer Stock. Vol. 1: Africa. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2013. World History in Context. Web. 7 Apr. 2014.
1. Robert Mugabe- president of Zimbabwe, lead nationalist movement
i. a nationalist leader for 20 years, a political prisoner for 10 years, and leader of his party's military wing for 5 years ii. first black to be elected head of state iii. he presided over the transition from a nation with a white minority government to one with black majority rule iv. started as a socialist state→ then relaxed controls of economy
v. authoritarian leader, keeps power to himself and often makes one-sided decisions without consulting parliament or his cabinet
2. Activism
i. The politics of reform in Rhodesia were divided ii. 1955 Mugabe's childhood friend, James Chikerema, founded the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress→ aimed at removing whites from power iii. Opposite was Joshua Nkomo→ sharing power with whites and was involved in negotiating with the white minority government for more rights for blacks iv. Mugabe was initially not very interested in the two black movements
v. After he received his university degree, he taught in several schools→changed his mind about the political struggle at home vi. Mugabe was teaching in Ghana in 1951(Ghana was in transition from a British colony to an independent state) o he experienced being an Afric...
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...il 18, 1980 ii. Problems with independence o At independence, the new gov faced the task of uniting a divided country o The war years meant that whites were divided among themselves→ suspicion between whites and blacks was high→ blacks were divided along tribal lines o Mugabe addressed the nation's need for national reconciliation o Realizing that the removal of all white structures would bring economic disaster to the new nation, he did not establish a socialist government in Zimbabwe, although he was himself a socialist o Mugabe achieved a remarkable degree of support from the white community as their fears of retribution and nationalization (government takeover of businesses) eased o The three armies--Rhodesian, ZANU and ZAPU--were successfully integrated, although the divisions among the two main political groups ZANU and ZAPU took nearly 10 years to resolve
Between the Compromise of 1877 and the Compromise of 1895, the problem facing Negro leadership was clear: how to obtain first-class citizenship for the Negro American. How to reach this goal caused considerable debate among Negro leaders. Some advocated physical violence to force concessions from the whites. A few urged Negroes to return to Africa. The majority, however, suggested that Negroes use peaceful, democratic means...
goal and that was Mandela. Mandela was able to end the apartheid and became the first African
I became a shrewd political leader and advised not only Presidents, but also members of Congress and governors, on political appointments for blacks and sympathetic whites. I urged wealthy people to contribute to various black organizations. I also owned or financially supported many black newspapers. In 1900, I had founded the National Negro Business League to help black business firms.
Reconstruction gave African American men political rights(Reconstruction, 1866-1877). It gave them the right to vote and hold office
to the african american minority at the time. His idea was the idea “to stop racial segregation in
African Americans have a long history in the Americas. Their experience in United States is however laden with historical records of oppression and segregation. It has been difficult to shed off slavery tags that emanates from their historical entry into the Americas. There are many issues that emerge when considering the experience of African Americans. One of the most important issues that has been extensively studied in regard to African American experience is the issue of leadership and politics. For a long time, African-American leadership has been sidelined until the rise of civil rights movements starting from 1950s. Since then, African Americans have exerted their position in United States leadership culminating in election of current President Barrack Obama, who became the first African-American president of the country. African American leadership and participation in politics and public institution is a case example of resilience in a hostile environment laden with segregation and historical tag of slavery.
The South was a complete mess after the Civil War. The early part of the 20th century brought many changes for African Americans. There was a difficult challenge of helping newly free African American slaves assimilate among their white counterparts. They suffered from crop failures, economic hardships, and the early failures of Reconstruction in the south. So as result many Southern African Americans migrated to northern cities in search of employment and a chance at a better life. However, Southern African Americans migrating to northern cities quickly discovered that they were not able to enjoy the same social and economic mobility experienced by their European immigrant counterparts arriving around the same time. There were many questions that had to be asked and answered not just among politicians, but the entire white and black populations. Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois and John Hope all attempted to conquer these tough issues based on their own experience and cultural influences by sharing their opinions.
Here, Malcolm begins his analysis by talking about the distinct political climate that existed at that time where many individuals in both the South and the North were frustrated with the stagnant pace by which racial progress was being achieved in context of civil rights legislation. In this, Malcolm in many ways levies a threat by which he warns the political elites of that period that the time is now to enfranchise African-American’s, not later. Additionally, Malcolm furthers his analysis by also critiquing the political trickery played by both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party in Northern States. In this, Malcolm posits that each of these parties have relied on the negro vote to gain and hold office, yet these parties in many instances have left many black issues—like civil rights legislation—on the table rather than actively fighting for them in the roles in which they serve. Lastly, Malcolm concludes with a discussion on liberated self-sufficiency. In context of this notion, Malcolm focuses on the need for black people explicitly to unite to form a concentrated and deliberate attack on the structures of white supremacy and the political institutions that perpetuate and ultimately preserve
Throughout the twentieth century, Rhodesia from 1960’s to the late 1970’s have always been in a struggle to fight for their independence. They had to deal with the British colonist that settled into their land and had taken over control of the country for the past couple of years. Due to the decolonisation of African countries after the second world war it gave many influences and reasons for Rhodesia to search to become an independent country. That all changed when they fully receive their independence in 1980 and during that time they fought for the control of their country, Rhodesia. The name was later changed to Zimbabwe due to a revolutionary struggle they had in their country. The battle to govern Rhodesia and also by the agreement of the Internal Settlement between the fighting forces to find and create peace
According to T.O. Ranger in “Revolt in Southern Rhodeisa”, the first Chimurenga, which occurred from 1896-1897, was an uprising in response to the imposition of colonial rule in Southern Rhodesia, present-day Zimbabwe (ix). The Nbele and Shona people resisted the colonial rule and in return endured a complex set of struggles over land and cattle and taxes. The inability and unwillingness of the Euroopeans to understand the Nbele and Shona people’s culture and religion misguides perceptions of events and views of their behavoior and actions (2). Terrance mentions during the colonial rule, many Europeans thought the people of Africa were content with the new administration and misunderstood the reaction of the “African pople of Southern Rhodesia to colonial rule…, this misunderstanding arose…partly out of white ignorance of the history of the Shona and the Ndebele…Edwards [confessed ],we knew nothing of their past history, who they were or where they came from, and although many of the Native commissioners had…knowledge of their language, none of us really understood the people or could follow their line of thought, we… looked down on them as a downtrodden race who were grateful to the white man for protection” (2). The Europeans did not treat them as equals because they saw them as dependent and thought of their lives as meaningless. They believed the Shona and Ndebele people had no roots or culture and therefore had no history. Terrance Ranger mentions “the whites believed that the Shona people would not rebel because they believed that the Shona had no roots, no sense of history; no sense of religion,…no way of life worth fighting and dying for” (2). The African people of these cultures were seen as inferior by the Europeans...
often managed to get black people to do jobs for no pay, and the black
Nelson Mandela’s commitment to politics and the ANC grew stronger after the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner dominated National Party, which formed a formal system of racial classification and segregation “apartheid” which restricted non whites basic rights and barred them from government.
Around the 1970s, due to South Africa’s internal contradictions with its economy and people, the Apartheid began its slow demise. Soon the united nation began to take notice of South Africa and began to get involved. With South Africa now in the spot light, Prime Minister P.W Botha left office due to his belief that he had failed to keep order in the country. After the reassignment of P.W Botha, F.W Klerk had taken office. The final stage of the demise of the Apartheid began when Klerk lifted the ban off the ANC and other African political parties. The last blow was the release of Nelson Mandela after 27 years in prison. Now that South Africa’s hope was out of prison he continued to ...
"Mugabe Rival Quits Election Race." BBC News. BBC, 22 June 2008. Web. 15 May 2014.
Mr. Nelson Mandela as peace maker struggle to reinstate the apartheid rule of South Africa with multi-racial democracy, During