Introduction
One of the most important factors in building a road is drainage. If every other aspect of the road design and construction is carried out properly but the road drainage is not well planned, designed and constructed, the road structure will inevitably lead to a premature failure.
Erosion control is an integral part of road drainage. Excessive erosion may plug culverts leading to saturations of the road pavement structure and failure of drainage systems, and finally leading to the pavement failure.
Unpaved roads are extremely vulnerable to floods, landslides, and gully erosion.
According to information available from the Pavement Management Branch of the Ethiopian Road Authority, water-related damage accounted for over 35 percent of the defects in federal paved roads and 60 percent of the defects in unpaved roads reported from 2000 through 2002. The ERA also reports that floods following torrential rains cause frequent landslides and washouts of drainage structures.
It is very important to provide guidance in how to incorporate erosion control mechanisms i...
Longshore drift influences the deposition and erosion of sediments. Waves erode the coast and transport the eroded material along the coastline. Over a period of time, the material will be deposited on a beach or form a larger feature such as a spit. Groynes are structures built at equal intervals along the coastline. Their purpose is to restrict longshore drift, preventing coastal erosion.
This project started by research. This research pointed at advanced farm drainage systems as the reason for quickly rising rivers and accompanying erosion. A growing effort has been underway to bring together various groups along the river, including farmers, to look for voluntary efforts to improve the rivers. After the research many researchers discovered the problems is now bank and erosion of ravines. Bulldozers and excavators worked to try stabilizing the bank with tree trunks. These are the efforts to solve the Le Sueur River erosion. This is still a growing problem waiting for helpful solutions.
Craig E.Colten’s book centers on a familiar problem that New Orleans city constantly faces, the flooding. In particular, the book focuses on the genesis of the flooding danger. In reference to Colten’s book, this essay will attack the statement “The environmental elements, as opposed to human actions, fully account for New Orleans’ problem with water”. The rationale of opening up unusable land by draining waters and construction of levees to contain Mississippi River water led to serious flooding during heavy downpour. After raising the levee systems to the desired levels in 1920s, the issues of drainage become apparent and the heavy rainfalls became the main cause of the wave of flooding in New Orleans. The thunderstorms –spawned rain replaced Mississippi River as the greatest threat. The water problem in New Orleans emanated from the human behavior of destroying natural conditions in New Orleans through natural environment modification to accommodate residential and commercial housing. From the foundation, New Orleans faced flooding threat, first from the Mississippi River and then downpour floods. Colten (2005) maintain that human wrested New Orleans site from nature resulting in continual struggle with water and floods.
There are many different ways that erosion is being caused. Some natural but most un-natural or man-made. The
...mps built throughout the triangle Yaounde-Douala-Yaounde-Bafoussam regarding the problems faced both in terms of design materials used, and the location of traffic signing. The basic intension was to draw the attention of the authority regarding the problem faced due to improper maintenance in speed bumps. Study was done by traversing the triangle and collecting the field data to identify each retarder by its location, type, geometry. In this study, 310 speed bumps were identified basically of four types: soundtrack, speed bumps, trapezoidal and tray. Out of which 288 had problems of material design and signaling. Over 50% of asphalt concrete materials were either collapsed or the road to the launch of these is padded. Over 70% was not up to the respective standard dimensions. 62% of the problems with speed bumps were due either to the absence of signs or bad signs.
The total costs of the damage that could be done to the drainage systems by say the year, twenty fifty likely exceeds that of the costs of a project like the sea wall if just a three foot rise could cost one point thirty nine billion dollars. Should something like that happens, taxpayers would probably end up paying for some of the costs that come from that damage as well. We’re in a lose-lose situation in terms of money, but we can use that money now to prevent harm from coming to our city instead of using it in the future to repair our
Engineers, scientists, and/or volunteers place brush, roots, trees and other plants to cover banks. This helps to stop erosion by reversing loose soil. Hard structures like rock or cement are sometimes used too. Some pros is that there is a high chance of success and there is a recovery of streamside habitat. The recovery of streamside habitat occurs because animals use plants as shade and hiding places from predators, the plants affect dissolved oxygen levels, and because herbivores may eat/live in the plants (hollows of trees, fungi and roots). Some cons of this natural solution is loss of existing vegetation and results take time.
More heavy downpours may increase the likelihood of property damage, travel delays, and disruption in services. Sediment runoff and erosion may clog reservoirs and reduce storage capacity. Local governments may invest in new infrastructure to prevent contamination and protect water resources. Disruptions in barge traffic along the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers have already occurred. Changes in the Great Lakes are less clear, but water level decline may force reductions in the weight of cargo shipments and diminish the usability of coastal infrastructure, such as docks and
The United States has become increasingly dependent on its road system to enable the reliable movement of an ever growing amount of people, goods and services (EPA). Despite the inevitability of inclement weather, Americans expect these systems to be maintained in order to allow for safe travel (EPA). Every year in the northeastern United States, municipalities are forced to find solutions to the myriad of problems presented by the accumulation of snow and ice on their roadways and bridges.
affects the ecosystem. The land's incline prevents some areas to receive and maintain a water
To begin with, the landing of the snow on the road caused many damages to them. This was because the levels on which the roads were raised were in different proportions. This, therefore, prevented lack of flow to be experienced on the roads. Moreover, the cracks that were observed on the roads came about because of the difference in the temperatures of the country.
For many centuries, mankind has worked tirelessly to adapt his environment to his needs. This means artificially fertilizing soil, genetically engineering plants, even attempting to create rain artificially (Mone). However, sometimes, water has gotten in the way, so, when man wants to build his roads across them, his solution was: Pick up the road and carry it across.
home farm. Reducing soil erosion is one of the most important practices on my home farm.
During my under graduation I have learnt only about basics of pavement materials and different layers of pavements. It was only after studying graduate courses I realized how limited my knowledge was and I need to work very hard and explore more in this vast field. During first year of my graduate study I have studied Pavements Materials, Pavement Design and Evaluation, Highway Construction Practices and these graduate courses opened a new paradigm for me to the way I looked at pavement engineering. This prompted me to look at it as a field full of challenges which make it even more dynamic and op...
The development of every nation hinges on the effectiveness of their transportation systems. Movement of goods, services and people to and from locations is made possible by transportation systems. The importance of effective transportation systems cannot be over-emphasized. Many countries face transportation problems and my country Ghana is no exception. A trip of about 30 minutes usually takes about an hour or more due to traffic jams. This is seriously impacting productivity and has become a topical issue in the country. The situation is the same in Uganda where I currently work. To this end, Transportation Engineers are needed to design roads/ highways that will stand the test of time, plan effective traffic management systems to reduce