Cold Plasma processing is preferred as one of the novel technology in the food processing sector. Rice samples was treated with low pressure cold plasma and investigated for physico-chemical properties (proximate composition, cooking parameters and textural properties). After treatment cooking time is reduced from 21 to 14 min and increase in cooking loss and water uptake ratio with increase in voltage and time of treatment. Water uptake kinetics showed there is decrease in rate constant in the plasma treated samples. Textural parameters showed decrease in hardness and stickiness (soft texture and easy to chew) with increase in voltage and time. Effect of cold plasma on surface morphology of rice was determined by investigating contact angle, surface energy and SEM graphs. There is decrease in contact angle and increase in surface energy after application of plasma. Thus, plasma treatment can be improves cooking properties and the quality of basmati rice.
Key words: Cold plasma, Rice, Cooking time, water uptake ratio, SEM
Introduction
Plasma is referred to as the fourth state of matter, next to solids, liquids, and gases. The term ‘Plasma’ was first employed by Lewi Tonks and Irving Langmuir (LANGMUIR, 1928), to define this fourth state of matter which is partially or wholly ionized state of gas. The change of phase from solid to liquid and further to gas occurs as we increase the energy input likewise increasing the energy input beyond a certain level in gas state causes ionization of molecules which yield the plasma state (Luo et al., 1998). A gas consists of freely moving atoms and/or molecules and these particles are electrically neutral. Plasma is a gas of which a fraction of its constituents are no longer electrically neutr...
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...ut there is increase in water uptake ratio and cooking loss. Plasma treatment greatly affected the textural properties leading to reduction in hardness and stickiness of rice. With the results of water uptake kinetics it can be concluded that water uptake followed first order reaction. Basic information obtained from this study can be used to develop instant rice and other food products where cooking time is important factor particularly in designing of electric rice cookers. After application of plasma the results of contact angles and surface energies showed an increase in hydrophilic nature responsible for more water uptake. It can be concluded that the utilization of cold plasma, a novel technology in whole grain processing, not only maintained the high nutritional values of basmati rice, but also provided a better textural quality and reduction in cooking time.
Scott Hightower’s poem “Father” could be very confusing to interpret. Throughout almost the entirety of the poem the speaker tries to define who his father is by comparing him to various things. As the poem begins the reader is provided with the information that the father “was” all of these things this things that he is being compared to. The constant use of the word “was” gets the reader to think ‘how come the speaker’s father is no longer comparable to these things?’ After the speaker reveals that his father is no longer around, he describes how his father impacted him. Details about the father as well as descriptions of the impacts the father has distraught on the speaker are all presented in metaphors. The repetitive pattern concerning the speaker’s father and the constant use of metaphors gives the reader a sense that the speaker possesses an obsessive trait. As the reader tries to interpret the seemingly endless amount of metaphors, sets of connotative image banks begin to develop in the reader’s mind. Major concepts that are expressed throughout the poem are ideas about what the speaker’s father was like, what he meant to the speaker, and how he influenced the speaker.
The films The Searchers and Avatar both make use of the master narratives of regulating social order and disorder. One is used as a way to reinforce this narrative, while the latter is shaped more towards critiquing the overall of ideal of the American social order. The struggle presented by an external threats in both films give the opportunity of interpreting and contrasting the master narrative and the effects that can come from imbalances in social orders.
Rice is the major cereal consumed in almost all parts of the world. Bran oil is used as the fuel which is obtained from the Rice bran. Rice Bran is the middle part between the paddy husk and the endosperm. Bran consists of only 15-20% of the oil. RBO is similar to groundnut oil (GNO) in fatty acid composition which contains 36% linoleic acid. Edible grade rice bran oil was performed for the experiment. The methods involved for the extraction of Rice bran oil are as follows: (1) Solvent extraction of fresh Rice bran (2) Dewaxing the crude oil by miscella phase (3) double solvent miscella refining using hexane and isopropanol (4) distillation and recovery of dewaxed neutral RBO (5) bleaching under vacuum (6) deodorization at 200°C and absolute
As a young graduate student who never been to Congress, Woodrow Wilson criticized the founding fathers on the separation of powers. Between his first book, Constitutional Government, in 1884, and his second book, Constitutional Government in the United States, in 1908, Wilson shifted his position on important structural features of the constitutional system. The first changed Wilson did in Constitutional Government, was to define the term “constitution” which he ignored in his first book. Second, Wilson focused his study on the presidential power defined by the constitution and third he also realized that external forces are now shaping American politics more than the intentions of the founders.
Figure 1.4 – Schematic of cleaning of a substratum using plasma glow discharge. Note the removal of adsorbed molecules by bombardment on the surface and the presence of dangling bonds (Wikipedia – the Free Encyclopedia).
Factors such as changes in crystal formation when fat is melted and the extent of solid fat at room temperature determine characteristics such as hardness or fluidity. By using DSC to understand the relationship of fat melting and solid fat content, it is possible to investigate characteristics such as creaminess and spread ability. Furthermore, this method is also very useful for product development and quality evaluations by measuring the crystal structure and different melting behaviors. Thus, further work and investigation on the thermal analysis of other types of fats present in food products such as lard, stick margarine, cheese spread, mayonnaise and others should be conducted and compared to allow the improvements to be done on food products for the efforts of manufacture high-quality products in the
The results, table and graph, show that brown, jasmine and white rice all absorbed different amounts of water. The average amount of water absorbed after 60 minutes by white rice was 94.3 mL’s whereas jasmine rice absorbed and average of 66.3 mL’s of water after 60 minutes and brown rice absorbed the smallest amount of water of all three with an average of 49.7 mL’s after 60 minutes. They all gradually increased during the 60 minutes of the experiment but as the line graph and table shows, the highest amount of water was absorbed in the first 10 minutes for all three types of rices.
Religion’s chief functions include: a system of explanation and justification for morality. Religion in society provides us with a sense of purpose, security, morality, and obedience. This impacts every society because, as Pojman stated, “it legitimizes social mores, morality itself, as well as rituals for the dedication of children, rites of passage, marriage, and the passage from death to the beyond” (Pojman 1). This gives an accurate explanation of the different cultural traditions and views that exist worldwide.
The Family Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) was established to provide employees with ability to take a leave from work for personal or family health issues. The Act lays out specific circumstance in which an employee may take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave within a 12 month period. Under the law, employees may request a leave for personal health issues, to care for a child, spouse or parent with serious health issues, birth or care of a child during the first year or for newly placed adoptions within one year. Employees are covered under FMLA if the employer has 50 or more employees and the employee has worked for the employer for at least 12 months. The employee must submit a written request for FMLA and provide documentation supporting their request. Once approved, the employee may take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave. Upon return the employee is guaranteed a job, if the employer had to fill their position out of business necessity, the employer must provide the employee with a position with equal responsibility and pay.
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Pasteurization is a process that kills microbes mainly bacteria in food and drink such as milk, juice and others. Louis Pasteur was the first to discover inactivation of microorganisms by heating for the prevention of spoilage of wine in 1860 (Pescott et al., 1990). The purpose of pasteurization is not to sterilize a substance but to eliminate the disease causing pathogens. In food industry, particularly in dairy farming, many heating processes are present among the different types of fluids. Processes like sterilization, chilling of milk and pasteurization are strictly required to be cheap.
When we look into a mirror we tend to see ourselves differently than what is really there. An interesting nontraditional vanitas type painting that gives a great example of this is Pablo Picasso’s Girl Before a Mirror painted in 1932. The visual elements, unique design, and iconography that Picasso used smoothly communicates the theme of mortality while also influencing contemplation of self.
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