1. Introduction.
1.1 A Rich Inheritance – Traditional Rice Varieties of Sri Lanka.
Rice belongs to the larger family of grasses, Graminae, and the genus Oryza. The genus Oryza has twenty wild species and two cultivated species – Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima. O. glaberrima is mainly cultivated in the West African region, whereas O. Sativa is found in Asia where it is a popular variety for cultivation. Globally, O. Sativa is cultivated in over 112 countries (Chang, 2000). The cultivation of rice was initiated in the Asian region, particularly in China, and later on became popular in nearby countries such as India and subsequently Sri Lanka (Chang, 2000). Rice has been an important food source since 2500 BC and is a staple food for approximately half of the world’s population (Chang, 2000). The varieties of rice possess different nutritional qualities, which are determined by factors such as genetics, environment, fertilizers, milling, storage conditions, thickness of anatomical layers, size and shape of the grains and their resistance breakage and abrasion (Houston, 1972; Luh et al 1991). The terms paddy grain or rough rice denotes freshly harvested rice. The rough rice consists of a hull and the caryopsis (Figure 1). Beneath the hull lies the bran, germ and endosperm (Juliano and Bechtel, 1985). Rice is broadly categorised in to two varieties: brown rice and white rice. Brown rice is produced by removing the hull. This technique preserves the nutritional qualities of the rice. Removal of the bran and most of the germ layer in further milling leads to an excessive loss of nutrients, as in the production of white rice (Fernando, 2011). Rice is processed by grinding further according to several milling grades to obtain differen...
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...es of rice.
The traditional varieties of rice used for this study are as follows –
- Madatawaalu
- Suwandel
- Kuruluthuda
- Sudu heenati
- Pachchaperumal
Commercial varieties of rice was also tested as a part of this study, they are –
- Sudu kekulu
- Rathu kekulu
1.2 Bacterial Strains.
1.2.1 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) is a group of bacteria that is characterised by the production of lactic acid during the fermentation process of carbohydrates. They are further characterised as anaerobic, Gram positive bacteria that are also catalase negative and non-motile. In terms of morphology they are either rod-shaped (bacilli) or spherical (cocci). In addition, they all ferment carbohydrates and hydrolyse arginine. This group consists of six genera of bacteria – Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus,
bile tolerance and ph tolerance test.
Both 1984 and The Handmaid’s Tale are dystopian novels, however, these books are a lot more complex than mere portrayals of dystopia, it can be argued that they are explorations of dystopia rather than mere portrayals. In order to explore dystopia, many themes must be considered, such as; feminism, love and repression. Nonetheless, it is apparent that human characteristics are the driving point of the two novels, predominantly, the depiction of human resilience. In an imperfect world, it is important to have certain qualities which, if plentiful, it can mean success, whereas if it lacks, it can mean failure, this characteristic is resilience. The protagonists in each novel, Winston in 1984 and Offred in The Handmaid’s Tale face situations which leave them both in disarray, and both even consider suicide. The authors tentatively highlight human resilience, its limits and most importantly its strengths into the two novels.
Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the Atlantic. Some of the New World crops that hav...
The Hunger Games was a critically acclaimed movie when it came out; however, some critics would argue that the movie can be sometimes too violent for its intended audience. In this essay I would dissert Brian Bethune’s essay “Dystopia Now” in order to find its weaknesses and compare the movie Battle Royale with his essay.
The films The Searchers and Avatar both make use of the master narratives of regulating social order and disorder. One is used as a way to reinforce this narrative, while the latter is shaped more towards critiquing the overall of ideal of the American social order. The struggle presented by an external threats in both films give the opportunity of interpreting and contrasting the master narrative and the effects that can come from imbalances in social orders.
“I'm a romantic; a sentimental person thinks things will last, a romantic person hopes against hope that they won't.” F. Scott Fitzgerald said this and it is very apparent that he feels this way in The Great Gatsby. In this novel filled with the experiences of a group of supercilious, rich, white people, Fitzgerald shows this with the many symbols he uses throughout the novel. Among the most arresting are the Green Light at the end of the Buchanan’s dock, which Gatsby envies for, the color white, which deceives readers with Daisy’s deceitful beauty, and the Eyes of T.J. Eckleburg, which sees all wrong done by the characters.
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl opens up with an introduction with a protagonist Linda (Harriet Jacobs) a slave girl which was born as a slave and states her reasons why she kept her autobiography private for so long. As Linda goes on and talk about her lifestyle as women slave, on the other hand I will be comparing the life style of another slave Olaudah Equiano who is a male slave which has a different point perspective of how he uses strategies to gain freedom from his master. How does gender complicate Linda’s (Harriet Jacobs) situation in comparison to Olaudah Equaino’s to gain freedom from their masters? Or does her gender complicate her situation? In a comparison of gender such as female and male there were always big difference which is also stated in the bible, from the Apostle Paul women were created second, sinner first and should always be kept silent. So what makes Linda’s gender so complicated to gain freedom from her master? The answer as stated in the book she was owned by Dr.Flint’s daughter which she couldn’t gain her freedom as long as the daughter did not gave her freedom, such on the other Equiano was owned by a master who gave him freedom. What was the reason why Linda could not get her freedom? Gender , Christianity, Strategies.
This research aims on the comparison of the brown and milled rice grain has been compared with that of the non-transgenic rice of the same variety in nutritional composition. In this study, the nutritional components, as well as the anti-nutrient levels, were measured. And it established that apart from the increased level of iron and zinc in transgenic seeds.
“Daisy! Daisy! Daisy! I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai–” (37). Daisy, a flower, feminine, white, pure, and yet yellow– the color of corruption. Daisy Buchanan is an indulgent, manipulative, and corrupt character that seeks out the weak in others for her personal gain. She dresses in lavender to show her indulgence in life, and her attitude that since she has money she can do whatever she wants. She murders a woman while driving a yellow car, because she knows none of the consequences will affect her because she can retreat back into her money. Daisy wears white to look angelic, but like a demon stepping on holy ground, it burns her because it’s all fake. Daisy Buchanan; a mother, a wife, a lover, a friend, an adulterer, and a murderer.
Feeling complete with your own personal mental and physical standpoints is essential if you ever want a fulfilling relationship. Knowing your own ability to live vigilantly day to day, being gratified with the prospects of how you are living your life up untill this point. This is what determines wether your ready to take the step into entering a relationship. Every point in ones life is a learning experience. Treating past relationships as learning experiences help to better your understanding of what your really looking to gain out of future relationships. The following paragraphs discuss a story of my past. This story revolves around a relationship taking place at a negative point in my life. So my lesson to you is one I learned the hard way. Being happy with yourself is vital before attempting to by happy with someone else.
Has it ever crossed your mind what exactly is that makes people relate to each other? Whether its simple things like food and music or more complex things like language and religion, the feeling of being part of something gives us a sense of satisfaction, and common ground. Humans have an inevitable need to belong. However when those factors that make people interconnect with each other becomes distorted, the results can be catastrophic. In this essay I will discuss the how the genocidal events that took place in the U.S. with the Native Americans, the Belgian Congo, and German South West Africa were carried out and why elements of exploitation, racialization, identity, and inferiority played a role in them.
The Grand Mosque of Córdoba remains to this day, one of the finest mosques, of that which once was part of the west of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate. Córdoba was once the capital and seat of the Umayyad Caliph in Spain; then known as Al-Andalus. As such, this city was graced in the days of Islamic Rule by the building of a mosque; a most fundamental part of any Islamic city. If one were to think of Spain now, Islam is of course not the first thought that would usually come to mind. Spain is, after all, a Christian land with a deep Roman Catholic history, and the location of many Christian Pilgrimage destinations. Thus, one would be forgiven for thinking that the Islamic Empires had probably never even reached as far as West Europe. The Grand Mosque of Córdoba tells a different story.
Throughout the history of the human race there have been a great number of crops that were discovered, planted, and over time domesticated. Wheat in the Middle East, rice in Asia, and rye in Eastern Europe are all some of today’s staple crops that feed millions every day. Crops like these make up over 50% of the world’s total food supply. However, the third most eaten crop in the world is maize, or corn, which provides 21% of human nutrition. Today maize feeds millions across the world, but its history is different from the others.
Golden rice: Was created by Inro Protrykys. He wanted to eliminate the deficiency of vitamin A in rural areas and under developed countries and areas. The idea was to create a production of beta-carotene., which is mainly found in gold rice plants. Beta-carotene is one of the main sources of vitamin A. By adding only two genes, a plant phytoene synthase and a bacterial phytoene desaturase, the pathway is turned back on and β-carotene consequently accumulates in the grain. This allows for more vitamin A to be present in the rice and thus bettering the amount of nutrients one will get from Golden Rice. (The Science of Golden Rice, Golden Rice Project, 23 April 2014, http://www.goldenrice.org/Content2-How/how1_sci.php)
Today rice accounts for about 20 percent of the world's total calorie intake. Rice is not just a staple in diets worldwide, but rice is central to the economy and landscape of ancient and modern Asian civilizations. Predominantly in contrast to Mediterranean cultures, which are primarily based on wheat (Hirst). On the international market rice commands a higher price than that of wheat. However, less than five percent of the world’s rice enters the trade market, in comparison to about 16 percent of the world’s harvested wheat. In low-income countries, such as China and Pakistan are often able to export their rice with a greater cost than it takes them to import wheat (Kiple and Ornelas).
Rice is the primary staple in the diets of over 50% of the globe’s population (Childs, 2012) with over two and a half billion mouths depending on the grain as their primary source of calories (Harriss-White, 2005). Rice is second only to wheat in terms of area harvested and is the most important grain in terms of calorie consumption (Khan & Rashid, 1986). Asia and Africa host the largest rates of consumption worldwide. For centuries developing nations have been dependent on rice’s high caloric value and agricultural versatility. In Northeastern Asia rice consumption has been declining, but numbers continue to grow in the developing regions such as Southeast Asia and Africa (Childs, 2012). Globally, rice contributes to 1/5 of the total calories consumed by humans. Calories from rice are particularly essential in Asian cultures (Khan & Rashid, 1986).