Environment, dietary and lifestyle factors play a big role in how rheumatic heart disease is spread. Most developing countries have a higher percentage of people how suffer from rheumatic heart disease because the poor state of the environment they inhabit. Dietary factors can play a role only due to insanitary condition in which food is made not due to the amount of food eaten due the fact that RHD is caused by a bacteria. Lifestyle factors contribute to rheumatic heart disease because most people do not tend to or treat minor cuts they might have had. This article will be about the communication between the cardiovascular system and immune systems and how rheumatic heart disease affects the two. The heart is very sensitive to the disruptive …show more content…
Fibrillations are caused by rapid, irregular contractions and may be useless for pumping blood. A defective in the SA node may result in ectopic focus causes abnormal pacemaker takes over. If the AV node takes over the junctional rhythm the heart will run at a pace of 40 to 60 beats per minute. If a defective AV node occurs, it may result in partial or total heart block and few or no impulses from the SA node reach the …show more content…
Joints consist of the ankles, knees, elbows or wrists; less often the shoulders, hips, hands and feet. And ,according to (2014) Incidental Histological Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Myocarditis: Case Report and Review of the Literature, in a case study of a 45-year-old female diagnosed with chronic rheumatic valve disease was reported to have 3-year history of suffering from progressive exertional dyspnea and chest pain. Her blood pressure was reported to be 140 over 80 mmHg and a regular heart rate of 80 bpm. She showed signs of pulmonary congestion she an atrial
Rezaian, G. R., & Ali, E. (2001). Mitral valve prolapse in patients with pure rheumatic mitral stenosis: An angiographic study. Angiology, 52(4), 267-71. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/224851069?accountid=158514
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a cardiac arrhythmia. It is the most common arrhythmia and it has implications for patients and anaesthetists alike. The anaesthetist must take into consideration the physiological and pharmacological implications of this common arrhythmia.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory and an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissue (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017). This disease affects the entire body, which is called a systemic (means entire body) disease. Arthritis is derived from the word part arthr-, which means “joint,” and -itis, which means “inflammation,” so altogether it means “inflammation of the joints.” It creates inflammation that causes the tissue that lines the inside of joints (synovium) to thicken. About 1.5 million people in the U.S. are affected. It affects all races, but it affects three times as many women than men (What is Rheumatoid Arthritis, n.d.). Overtime, rheumatoid arthritis causes painful swelling that can potentially result in bone erosion or joint deformity, which leads up to physical disabilities. RA can affect more than just your joints, but can spread to body systems, skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood vessels, e.t.c (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017).
Arthritis is one of the most prevalent diseases, and is the leading cause of disability in the U.S (What is Arthritis, n.d). Moreover, the susceptibility to arthritis enhances with age, approximately half the population that reaches 65 years of age has arthritis (What is Arthritis, n.d). Essentially, arthritis refers to hindrance to the joint such as pain, swelling and reduced range of motion (What is Arthritis, n.d). There are over 100 types of arthritis, one to be noted for this paper is rheumatoid arthritis (What is Arthritis, n.d). This form of arthritis is an autoimmune disease, where the joints are targeted by the body’s immune system, resulting in inflammation (What is Arthritis, n.d). Consequently, due to its frequency
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There are many risk factors and comorbidities that can contribute to AF but Mrs M’s main risk factor was her uncontrolled hypertension.6 When treating AF, there are 2 main options which are followed by the “Therapeutic Guidelines” with rhythm control and cardioversion or ventricular rate control; nonetheless whichever method is chosen is dependent on the risk factors of the patient.2 Rate control uses medication that help slow down the ventricular rate and heartbeat.2,7 Medications used in rate control are β-blockers and calcium channel blockers; however Digoxin is still used in older patients.2 Digoxin is good for patients with a combination of heart failure and AF, however caution needs to be taken due to the high toxicity risk.2 Rhythm control’s objective is to convert the AF back to normal sinus rhythm using either anti-arrhythmic medications or cardioversion with electrical currents.2,7 Medications for rhythm control are Amiodarone or Flecainide, given either orally or intravenous depending on how quickly the patient needs to be converted back to standard sinus rhythm.2 Rhythm control can also be done through cardioversion with a DC shock which converts the heart back to normal sinus rhythm.2 Once rhythm control is reached through either option, maintenance therapy is required in these patients and therefore will be placed on Flecainide, Sotalol or
The causes for a functional heart murmur are that the blood flow is rushing too fast during a normal pump. According to Dr. Benjamin Wedro of Medicine.net, he says that valve abnormalities
AF develops for many different reasons, including left ventricular dys-function with hemodynamic impairment (Kobayashi et al., 1992), atrial is-chemia or infarction (particularly in patients with early onset atrial fibrilla-tion in the course of acute myocardial infarction), right ventricular infarction (Rechavia et al., 1992), pericarditis, excessive release of catecholamines. Atrial fibrillation is usually abrupt in onset and can cause rapid hemody-namic instability through one of three mechanisms: loss of the atrial com-ponent of the cardiac output, increased ventricular response rate with de-creased diastolic filling time, or irregular ventricular filling (Cristal et al., 1976).
When one is healthy there is hardly a need to visit the doctors, or a need to consistently refill medications. However, when one has an illness, especially an illness that does not have a cure, then one is obligated to go for monthly check-ups, monthly blood draws, and monthly pharmacy visits. Such is the case for Nirmal, a 52-year-old female, who has had rheumatoid arthritis for five years and hypertension since her early thirties. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease, considered an “autoimmune disease,” and is characterized by “joint swelling, joint tenderness,” and destruction of “synovial joints” (Charles, Britt, & Pan, 2013, p. 765). She currently takes a myriad of medications which control her rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension, but the five medications that will be analyzed are: prednisone, gabapentin, methotrexate, metoprolol, and tramadol.
When a person has Atrial Fibrillation, the sinoatrial node releases multiple quick impulses at a rate of 350 -600 times per minute. When this happens, the ventricles respond by beating around 120- 200 beats per minute, making it tough to identify an accurate heart rate. This arrhythmia can be the result of various things. During a normal heart beat, the electrical impulse begins at the sinoatrial node and travels down the conduction pathway until the ventricles contract. Once that happens, the SA node fires again and the process keeps on cycling (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013).
Rheumatoid arthritis affects around 400,000 individuals within the UK, it is the most relentless chronic form of arthritis, and for adults it is the second most common form in patients (1). “RA is more prevalent among women than men, and usually develops in the fourth to fifth decades of life” (A). Rheumatoid arthritis is severe as it is a form of autoimmune disease, this is where the body’s immune system attacks and damages working tissue, due to the failure to recognise the difference between foreign cell and normal cells. For example it damages the synovial membrane surrounding the knee, and bone erosion begins. This damage to the working tissue triggers an inflammatory response causing fluid to build around the knee (2). However it can happen in any joint, this is why it’s such a large problem as you simply can’t inhibit the effects of the immune system, as it would leave you extremely vulnerable to more life threatening diseases. If effective treatment isn’t applied it could be disabling to patients, the inflammation causes pain, stiffness, muscle ache, rheumatoid nodules (lumps of tissue) and tiredness (3).
Allysha Campbell Professor Kulics General Psychology 01 December 2016. In today’s society among the elderly population, the struggles involved with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) are a growing problem. It, generally, involves a physical distress on the joints of the body, causing anywhere from moderate to severe pain to the individual suffering from the disease. Countless research is being done to understand the causes of this disease and discover ways to prevent its rise.
“Damage to the mitral valve… can [also] cause problems with the heart later in life… [causing]… atrial fibrillation [and] heart failure” (Rheumatic fever, 2015). It is very important to be seen by your doctor about heart complications from rheumatic fever because it can impair your hearts ability to pump blood. In order to see if the heart was affected by rheumatic fever an electrocardiogram would be given by your doctor. Typically the heart can recover if only the muscle has been affected. The problem lies in the valves. However, recurrent rheumatic fever can cause permanent damage (Rheumatic Fever and the Heart, 2015).
The body’s response of inflammation is usually used to help fight off bacteria and infection but, in some conditions, it can do more harm to the body than intended. “The inflammatory nature of periodontitis plays a deleterious role in causing damage to the systemic circulation by impairing blood vessel endothelium function, promoting atheroma formation and increasing the risk of thrombotic and embolic events.” (3). “Heritability estimates for periodontal disease were 39% in women and 33% in men… and may account for 29% of cardiovascular disease,” (4). Inflammatory cells can travel from the mouth to the heart via the blood vessels. Many of the same bacteria, 30%, has been found in periodontal disease and coronary heart disease (5). These bacteria have been known to cause an increase in lipids and blood pressure; this suggests a relationship between periodontal disease and coronary heart
Remenyi, B., Carapetis, J., Wyber, R., Taubert, K., & Mayosi, B.M. (2013). Position statement of the World Heart Federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, (10), 284-292. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2013.34