Introduction:
Heavy metal pollution of soil is a significant environmental problem and has its adverse effect on human health and agriculture. Rhizosphere, as an important interface of soil and plant, plays a significant role in phytoremediation , in which, microbial populations are known to affect heavy metal mobility and availability to the plant [1] [2] through improve trace element solubility in the rhizosphere, release of organic acids, production of co2 by respiration process, chelating agents, acidification, organic matter decomposition, phosphate solubilization and redox changes, and therefore, have potential to enhance phytoremediation processes [3]. In order to understand the mechanisms involved in the transfer and mobilization of heavy metals by rhizobacteria and to conduct research of microbial genomic sequence from rhizosphere of plants growing on heavy metal contaminated soils. However, genome of an organism is a complete genetic sequence on one set of chromosomes. The genome sequence in an organism requires the DNA sequences for each of the chromosomes. Homologous recombination between reiterated DNA sequences generates different types of genomic rearrangements [4] [5]. As the number of available genome sequences increases, genomic analysis is difficult to carry out without a suitable platform gathering not only curated annotation results using standardized computational methods. However, the genomic design hypothesis suggests that the shorter introns of highly expressed genes [6]. The ‘‘mutational bias’’ model suggests that it reflects regional mutation biases in rates of insertion and deletion [7], while the ‘‘genomic design’’ model postulates that it reflects selection for genomic organization to enable con...
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...xpression on human genes. Genome Res. 13: 2260–2264.
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Works Cited
phytoremediation, Genome sequence, rhizosphere, Rhizobacteria
In the most general terms, the nucleus is the command center of a eukaryotic cell. Although the origin of the organelle is unclear, it is believed that it is derived from a symbiosis relationship between a bacterium and an archaea (Martin W. 2005). Being the main hub for the inner workings of a cell involves different functions overall. These nucleic functions are determined by the genes within the DNA of the cell. Functions of the cell are also regulate by soluble proteins that come in and out of the cell via the membranes and specific channels or the nuclear pore complexes. The overall objectives of the nucleus include; gene expression, compartmentalization, and processing pre-mRNA. The functions of the organelles and sub-regions
Meinke, D. W., J. M. Cherry, et al. (1998). "Arabidopsis thaliana: A Model Plant for Genome Analysis." Science 282(5389): 662-682.
The location of genomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes show major discrepancies because they have different levels of cell organization. Due to the simplicity of the prokaryotes, they lack membrane bound organelles such the nucleus. Therefore, genomes of the prokaryotes reside as irregular Protein and deoxyribos nucleic acid (DNA) complex in cytosol (liquid portion of cytoplasm). This area of the cytoplasm is defined as the ‘nucleoid’ (Bauman.R 2004). Unlike Eukaryotes, it does not possess a nuclear envelope.
"Epigenomics Fact Sheet." National Human Genome Research Institute. N.p., 7 May 2012. Web. 04 Apr. 2014. .
The effects of RNAi can be contrary to chromatin and DNA modifications in mediating mRNA degradation, inhibition of translation, DNA elimination and similar in heterchromatin formation.
After the initiation process is complete, amino acids begin to be added to the polypeptide in a three step process known as elongation. First, the mRNA codon in the A site pairs with the anticodon of an incoming tRNA molecule. Next, the polypeptide separates from the tRNA in the P site and attaches to the amino acid that was carried by the tRNA in the A site. The ribosome catalyzes formation of the bond. Finally, the P site tRNA leaves the ribosome and the ribosome moves the tRNA in the A site to the P site with its attached polypeptide. A new tRNA is then able to bind to the A site to start the elongation process over again. Eventually, a stop codon will reach the A site signaling the amino acid to stop translation
Epigenetics ~ Is the term coined to explain a variety of “bizarre” phenotypic phenomena in different organisms that can’t be elucidated by Mendelian Genetics. It is like a bridge between geno and phenotypes ~ giving explanation to how cells carrying identical DNA differentiate into different cell types and how this differentiated state remains stable;
46- Kozak M. Rethinking some mechanisms invoked to explain translational regulation in eukaryotes. Gene. 2006; 382: 1-11.
...Glass, Non-coding RNAs as regulators of gene expression and epigenetics, 2011, oxford journals, 90 (3), p430-440
Genomic sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four DNA bases – thiamine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine– in the strand of DNA (NHGRI, 2011). In each organism, these bases are arranged in a unique and specific sequence, and it is this sequence that is the genetic code of the organism. Genomic sequencing has had an impact on nearly every field of biological research including human genetics and genomics, plants and agriculture, microbes, medicine, viruses and infectious diseases, environmental genetics and evolutionary biology. By first examining the development of gene sequencing technology we will be able to view its role in evolutionary biology, its contribution to phylogenetics, and how it has changed our understanding of the biological tree of life.
POLYSOME. "Analysis of ribosome loading onto mRNA species: implications for translational control." mRNA Formation and Function (1997): 305.
The process of translation is a major part of protein synthesis. There are many different components related the process of protein synthesis which include the large ribosomal unit, 60S and the small ribosomal unit,40S. As well as these are the messenger RNA, “mRNA coding”, transfer RNA , tRNA for amino acids and finally greater than 12 of the catalytic proteins which have be found to be eIFs (eukaryotic initiation factors). (Norton and Layman, 2006)These initiation factors are quite important in relation to Protein Synthesis and translation initiation. ...“These initiation factors guide the assembly of the ribosome on the mRNA and are responsive to short-term changes in the availability of energy, amino acids, and growth factors. Initiation factors provide the cell with sensitivity to environmental factors, including changes in diet, such as leucine availability, and physical activity.”... As well as this they also enable the cell to become sensitive to factors like the availability of
Tsou, J. A., Hagen, J. A., Carpenter, C. L., & Laird-Offringa, I. A. (2002, August 05). DNA
Type I markers serve as a bridge for comparison and transfer of genomic information from a map rich species into a relatively map-poor species [11]. Sequence conservation within genes are high, allowing type I markers to serve as anchor points for genomic segments to be compared among species [13]. For instance, if 15 genes are located between type I markers A and B in Zebrafish, it is likely that the majority of the 15 genes also reside between markers A and B in Catfish, even though the exact number of genes, gene order and orientation are not necessarily identical [13].
The scientific and medical progress of DNA as been emense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses to society, health and culture of today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our abi...