!!!What Is Ammonium Nitrate?
Ammonium nitrate is a chemical that I first encountered in the chemistry laboratory back in high school. The physical state of ammonium nitrate is typically a white solid, and it soluble in water. The solid can either have a crystalline form or bead form.
[{Image src='ammoniumnitratephysicalappearance.png' alt='Ammonium Nitrate: Physical Appearance' caption='Ammonium Nitrate: Physical Appearance'}]
The chemical formula of ammonium nitrate is NH4NO3: It has two nitrogen (N) atoms, four hydrogen (H) atoms and three oxygen (O) atoms. __Ammonium nitrate__ contains two ions: one ammonium ion (NH4+) and one nitrate ion (NO3)-, so the bond between these two ions is what we call an ionic bond. The structure of the formula
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It is actually the main component of an explosive called __Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO)__, which is a mixture of 94% ammonium nitrate and 6% of fuel oil. In this mixture, the ammonium nitrate serves as an oxidizing agent for fuel. In North America, ANFO accounts for 80% of the explosives used, due to its low cost and high stability.
[{Image src='ammoniumnitrateexplosive.png' alt='Ammonium Nitrate in ANFO' caption='Ammonium Nitrate: Component in Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Explosive'}]
The explosives manufactured using ammonium nitrate is used in the mining industry, and is also used in __improvised explosive devices (IED)__, which is a homemade bomb.
__Amatol__ is an explosive material from a mixture of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and ammonium nitrate. Amatol was used in World War I and II, and also in various military weapons such as aircraft bombs and shells.
!!Instant Cold Packs
Have you ever had bruising, inflammation or swelling that you needed to tend to? Or maybe you had a sports injury at one time. If you have, then you may have used an instant cold pack, which is a device that you may have lying around at home and is a convenient replacement for an ice
3Brophy, L. (1959). The Chemical Warfare Service (1st ed.). Washington: Office of the Chief of
Orange and Cancer"). The chemical was sprayed from airplanes on trees, base perimeters, roadways, and communication lines. It was also sprayed by riverboats and trucks (committee, 74). Agent Orange is a dioxin herbicide containing Dichlorophenoxyacetic and Trichlorophenoxyacetic acids. "Dioxin is the most toxic and most durable chemical mankind has developed so far" ("Vietnamese"). Both acids are highly toxic and considered mutagens ("Toxipedia"). Trichlorophenoxyacetic is considerabl...
Napalm and Agent Orange, two of the most morally terrifying weapons used in the mid to late 1900’s. These destructive weapons were most famous in the Vietnam War for inflicting fatal wounds and even deformities. In world war two, napalm was mostly used in tanks and incendiary bombs to destroy enemy ground troops. These were extremely effective and later used in planes like bombers. The word napalm comes from the combination of naphthene and palmitate, which are powdered aluminum soap. It was invented in a top-secret 1942 war research collaboration between Harvard University and the U.S. government, used to devastating effect in Europe and the Pacific in World War II most notably to incinerate 64 of Japan’s largest cities and in most major military conflicts after 1945, notably in Korea and Vietnam (Thompson). Agent Orange was later introduced in the Vietnam War. In the Vietnam War, the Vietnamese people there started with little of anything to begin with. The Northern people of Vietnam joined communism because they were
"Federation of American Scientists :: Types of Chemical Weapons." Federation of American Scientists. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2010.
Fries, A. A., & West, C. J. (1921). Chemical warfare,. New York [etc.: McGraw-Hill book company, inc..
In mammals, ammonia excretion is unsuitable for disposing of nitrogenous waste on land. Mammals would have to urinate profusely to eliminate ammonia because of the toxicity, which would have to transport through the animal to be excreted in an extremely dilute solution. However...
Who is going to use this device? Someone who wishes that they had a cold pillow. If someone had a headache they could go lay down on their cold pillow. The chillow pillow would be a great thing to have. When you have a fever normally, you are burning up. But you want to curl up in a blanket. With the chillow pillow you could cool yourself off while being warm in a blanket.
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. (March 20, 2007). Final Investigation Report. Retrieved July 26, 2010, from U.S. Chemical and Safety Board: http://www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf
FM 4-02.285, Multiservice Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries (2007, CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response, (2003, April 3). This page includes links September 18), Headquarters, Department of the Army
The supplies were mixed to make concrete. The ingredients in concrete were: cement, water, gravel, and sand. The cement came by train and was unloaded on the upstream side of the dam. After the cement was unloaded, it was blown through pipes with compressed air to the silos at the mixing plant. The water they used was pumped from the river into the mixing plant. The gravel and the sand were made at the site of the dam. There was a large rock quarry built downstream and on the swain county side of the dam. To get the rock, blasting holes were drilled into the rock face of the mountain and then were loaded with Nitramon-A, an explosive. This was detonated to bring down large quantities of rock. The largest blast used 104 tons of Nitramon and 600,000 tons of rock was brought down. The quarry blasts were so big that they could be felt and heard in the village.
volatile gases such as ammonia and methyl chloride. It is for this reason that when
* Heat and Cold Therapy has been used for centuries to manage soft tissue and joint injuries while relieving pain.
This fluid is made up of 32.5% urea in 67.5% de-ionized water. This mixture is then injected into the exhaust stream using an advanced catalyst system. When DEF is released into the exhaust stream the hot exhaust causes the fluid to release ammonia which then breaks down the greenhouse harming gas of NOx into nitrogen and water. This fluid must be refilled at approximately every 10,000 miles (Voelcker).
Since the days of Aristotle, all substances have been classified into one of three physical states. A substance having a fixed volume and shape is a solid. A substance, which has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape, is a liquid; liquids assume the shape of their container but do not necessarily fill it. A substance having neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume is a gas; gases assume both the shape and the volume of their container. The structures of gases, and their behavior, are simpler than the structures and behavior of the two condensed phases, the solids and the liquids
However, it is often converted to other substances making it easier to handle. First ammonia and air are mixed in a tank to produce nitric acid. In the presence of a catalyst, a reaction occurs which converts the ammonia to nitric oxide. The nitric oxide is further reacted in the presence of water to produce nitric acid. Nitric acid and ammonia are used to make ammonium nitrate. Its high concentration of nitrogen makes this material a good fertilizer component. Finally, it can then be stored until it is ready to be granulated and blended with the other fertilizer components.