Research Findings of Both Benefits and Limitations of DAP Testing
This paper focuses on research information of Draw A Person (DAP) testing in both its original form of Children’s Human Figure Drawing created by Florence Goodenough, it’s limitations, and it’s current form of function as DAP testing of today. DAP is typically used to identify cognitive strengths and limitations among primary aged youth through the evaluation of the drawn human figure. However, there is some evidence that suggests DAP could be of therapeutic benefit in other areas of function. Florence Goodenough first published findings in 1926 that revealed children’s drawings of a man can be correlated to their level of intelligence. Goodenough spoke of the human figure drawing task as being “useful in the analysis of specific mental functions and in the study of the development of conceptual thinking during early childhood” (Goodenough, 1926). Even though the Goodenough Draw-a-Man test was established as being a good measure of non-verbal cognitive ability, there are elements of this test that suggest:
1. In order to raise test validity, it may need to be used in conjunction with other means of measurement.
2. Lower socioeconomic status and/or limited access to structured programs have a significant effect on scoring outcome.
3. Scoring criteria and interpretation may be devised and utilized depending on the purpose and field of study.
The research that is focused on in this paper covers these three issues.
Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test Valid?
The Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test has been criticized by some for being outdated and the scoring instructions have been found to be laborious and imprecise ...
... middle of paper ...
...as measures of intelligence: the comparative validity of three scoring systems. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 2001. Pg 19.
Ayres, A.J. & Reid, W. The self -drawing as an expression of perceptual motor function. Cortex 1966; pg 254
Goodenough, F.L. Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings. Chicago, Ill: World Book Company: 1926, pg.13
Litterick-Briggs, A. & Broadley, G. Smart start with PMP: implementation, management and evaluation. Teaching and Learning 2005; pg.21.
Naglieri, J.A. Draw-A-Person-A quanitative scoring system. San Antonio, Tx: The Psychological Corporation.
Oakland, T. & Dowling, L. The Draw-A-Person Test: Validity Properties for Nonbiased Assessment. Learning Disability Quarterly 1983; pg 6
Offman, H.J. & Bradley, S.J. Body Image of Children and Adolescents and its Measurement: an overview. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1992; 37:6.
O’Dea, Jennifer A. "Evidence for a Self-Esteem Approach in the Prevention of Body Image and Eating Problems among Children and Adolescents." Eating Disorders 12.3 (2004): 225-39. Web. Apr. 2014.
Examiners can use the TONI for various purposes. These purposes include estimating aptitude and general intellectual function. Identifying individuals believed to have intellectual impairments. Verifying the validity of referrals for treatment, therapy, or special services. In other words, the assessment is used to measure aptitude and general intellectual function without the need for verbal instructions. In order to administer this test, the examiner will need a basic understanding of mental ability testing and measurement statistics. They should also have a knowledge of the general procedure governing test administration scoring and interpretation. This knowledge is acquired by enrolling in college courses developed to assessment. These courses are typically found in the department of school psychology, special education, speech pathology, educational psychology and counseling. Workshops sponsored by local and state education agencies, professional organization, or private consultants may also help. In Counseling 428 Measurement Issues in Counseling, the different levels and the qualifications of those levels were discussed. The TONI-4 would be classified as in the level B category which “Requires some technical knowledge of test construction and background of the area(s) being assessed. Purchasers must have completed a four-year
General intelligence tends to relate to various degrees with each other (Cohen 2012). An example of this is that if an individual is good in math, they may also be good in spelling. In this weeks reading we reviewed several different models of measurement of intelligence. In regard to these theories and general intelligence (g), the theories are various but have commonality and overlap. The Spearman's two-factor theory is if a test has high correlation with other test than the measurement of g is highly saturated (Cohen, 2012). The greater the importance of g on a test, the better the test is believed to predict intelligence
“Adolescent girl and Body image.” National Association of Social Worker. National Association of Social Worker Web. 18 Nov 2013
Intelligence tests have been developed by scientists as a tool to categorize army recruits or analyze school children. But still discussing what intelligence is, academics have a difficult time defining what intelligence tests should measure. According to the American researcher Thorndike, intelligence is only that what intelligence tests claim it is (Comer, Gould, & Furnham, 2013). Thus, depending on what is being researched in the test and depending on the scientist’s definition of intelligence the meaning of the word intelligence may vary a lot. This essay will discuss what intelligence is in order to be able to understand the intelligence theories and aims of intelligence tests.
Models can be tested, changed, or used to guide research or to provide a base for evaluation(Blais,2002).
McCabeLina, M.A., & Ridge, A.R. (2006). "Who thinks I need a perfect body?" Perceptions and internal dialogue among adolescents about their bodies. Sex Roles, 55(5-6), 409-419.
"Introduction to Body Image: Teen Decisions." Body Image. Ed. Auriana Ojeda. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003. Teen Decisions. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 20 May 2014.
In this world, there are many different individuals who are not only different in demographics but also different neurologically. Due to an immense amount of people it is important to first understand each individual, in order, to better understand them and to help them when it comes to certain areas such as education, the work force, and etc…. For this reason psychologists have aimed to further understand individuals through the use of psychological assessments. This paper aims to examine a particular assessment tool, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (Fifth Edition), which measures both intelligence and cognitive abilities (Roid, 2003). This assessment is usually administered by psychologists and the scores are most often used to determine placement in academics and services allotted to children and adolescents (despite their compatibility for adults) (Wilson & Gilmore, 2012). Furthermore before the investigation dives into the particulars of the test, such as its strengths and weakness’, it is best to first learn more about the intelligence scales general characteristics.
O’Dea, J. (1995). Body image and nutritional status among adolescents and adults. Journal of Nutrition & Dietetics, 25, 56-67.
O’Dea, J. (1995). Body image and nutritional status among adolescents and adults. Journal of Nutrition & Dietetics, 25, 56-67.
Children’s processing of information is elementary and so the “copying” of pictures in one’s head is just a crude system of percepti...
Rosenblum, G. and Lewis, M. "The relations among body image, physical attractiveness, and body mass in adolescence." Child Development 70.1 (1999): 50-64. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00005
Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., & Vernon, P. A. (2006). g and the measurement of multiple intelligences: A response to Gardner. Intelligence, 34(5), 507-510.
Social Issue Research Centre (2012). Mirror, Mirror- A Summary of Research Findings on Body Image. Retrieved from http://www.sirc.org/publik/mirror.html