Abstract/Introduction:
Sound is the sensation that our brain interprets when vibrations carried to our ears stimulate the auditory nerves. It is produced by the compression and rarefaction of matter. The speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium such as bulk modulus, density and the temperature though which it travels. It does not depend on the source of the sound. Sound travels faster in air which is less dense and in air with a higher temperature. Hence, more density and heat = faster speed of sound. The speed of sound can be calculated with the following formula:
V = F x λ
velocity = frequency x wavelength
The velocity is the speed and direction of the wave front, measured in m/s−1. The frequency is the number of wavelengths passing a particular point on one second, measured in Hz (cycles/second). The wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points (particles) with the same displacement. The speed of sound, when air temperature is 0˚C is 331.5 m/s−1. The following formula calculates the speed of sound in an approximate value:
speed of sound m/s−1 = 331.5 + 0.60 T(°C)
This experiment focuses on the speed of sound though air and looks at several variables affecting the speed of sound through medium. The results will be calculated by using the formula for speed:
speed = distance/time
A sound wave is shown in diagrammatic representations as transverse wave traces however, these are only models because they are actually longitudinal compression waves in character and can be classified as mechanical waves; meaning that the particles vibrate in the same direction as the direction of propagation.
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the time taken for sound to travel in the air. I aim to ...
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...s us to clearly visualise a GPS in operation.
These satellites in orbit act in conjunction with a series of ground stations which are in constant 24hour communication with the satellites through radio transmissions. The radio communications inform the satellites on their exact position with respect to the surface of the Earth at any given time.
The signal spreads out from the satellites as a spherical wave. When the signal reaches the earth, it spreads out in a circle that increases in diameter with time. A GPS receiver picks up this signal and compares the time of arrival with its own clock. (Steven Holzner, 2006) Rather than each receiver requiring an expensive atomic clock, a fourth satellite supplies the receiver with the time signal for comparison. By knowing the speed of the signal and the delay in arrival time, the distance to the satellite is computed.
Major Ted Tolman’s F-105 Thud fighter/bomber streaked through the air at just under the speed of sound. His aircraft performed modestly at best, struggling to maintain its speed and altitude under the heavy load of ordinance and fuel it carried under its wings (Patrick).
As a part of this longitudinal sound wave, the particles vibrate back and forth in a direction parallel to the direction of energy. Since the air molecules always return to their original position, they have no net displacement. When the vibrating molecules of air have to escape somewhere, this is where the sound hole comes into play. The air escapes through it and this is where the sound is projected. When all this occurs, it’s called the Helmholtz resonance (Wolfe).
Ultrasound is sound waves that have a frequency above human audible. (Ultrasound Physics and Instrument 111). With a shorter wavelength than audible sound, these waves can be directed into a narrow beam that is used in imaging soft tissues. As with audible sound waves, ultrasound waves must have a medium in which to travel and are subject to interference. In addition, much like light rays, they can be reflected, refracted, and focused.
The invention of the GPS started with Dr. Ivan Getting leaving his position at Raytheon Company, and armed with the knowledge of what was at the time the most advanced navigational technology in the world, they began developing the Global Positioning System. He, Roger L. Easton, and Bradford Parkison began in the 60’s with a constellation of 24 satellites (placed in six orbital planes) orbiting the earth at a very high altitude (about
Sounds are produced by the vibrations of material objects, and travel as a result of
The following is a brief illustration of the principles of GPS. For more information see previous chapter. The Global positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-base navigation system that provides a user with proper equipment access to positioning information. The most commonly used approaches for GPS positioning are the Iterative Least Square (ILS) and the Kalman Filter (EKF) methods. Both of them are based on psuedorange equation:
Music is transmitted through sound waves, which are very similar to the sine waves studied in Trigonometry. The differences in the waves result in a different sounds that are transmitted. Vibrating objects travel through a medium (the material that the disturbance is moving through) to create sounds at a given frequency. The frequency is how often the particles vibrate when a wave passes through the medium. The unit that is most used to measure frequencies is the Hertz (Hz) and 1 Hz is equivalent to 1 vibration per second. The frequency affects the pitch of the note that is being played; The higher the frequency the higher the pitch and the lower the frequency the lower the pitch.
... middle of paper ... ... Designs, C. & B. 2013. ProSonic Acoustic Cubes -. [online] Available at: http://www.customaudiodesigns.co.uk/acoustic-cubes.htm [Accessed: 1 Dec 2013].
Medical ultrasound mechanisms produce ultrasound waves and accord the imitated echoes. Brightness mode (B mode) is the frank mode that is normally used.[2] The B mode gives a two dimensional (2D) black and white picture that depends on the anatomical locale of the slice. The body can be imaged in disparate planes reliant on the locale of the probe. These slender slices are of less than 1 mm every single and can be sagittal, coronal, transverse, or oblique. Sound waves are emitted from piezoelectric crystals from the ultrasound transducer. Piezoelectric crystals are fabricated from physical that adjustments mechanical signals to mechanical vibrations and adjustments mechanical vibrations to mechanical signals.[2] As ultrasound waves bypass across assorted body tissues, they are imitated back to the transducer crafting an picture on the ultrasound screen.[3] Aural impedance is described as the confrontation for propagation of ultrasound waves. This varies according to the density of the physical ultrasound passes through. After the physical is extra solid, nex...
Sound is produced by vibrations in the air which, in this experiment, came from the hammer. The vibrations are a set of frequencies measured in units of Hertz (Hz). The faster the vibration frequency, the higher the sound will be in pitch. Pythagoras’s 2:1 ratio simply means that both tones are the same however the second tone’s frequency rate is doubled. For example, the blacksmith strike...
GPS is a navigational aid that is satellite based. It is made up of a network of 24 satellites in orbit around the world. The first satellite was launched in 1978 and the last was put into orbit in 1994. Every 10 years another satellite is put into orbit because each satellite is made to last that amount of time. The system began as a military application but in the 1980’s the government decided to make it available to everyone, anywhere, anytime. The system finds your position by measuring the time it takes to receive the signal back to the satellite. It then does that with other satellites to triangulate your position in relation to the earth. To calculate a position in 2D the system has to be locked on to at least three satellites, but for a 3D representation you need to be locked on to at least 4 satellites. Once the position is found the GPS can calculate much more info like speed, bearing, track, distance, etc… The GPS system is very accurate; Garmin (a leader in GPS technology) states that their newest receiver is accurate up to an average of 15 meters.
Sound is essentially a wave produced by a vibrating source. This compression and rarefaction of matter will transfer to the surrounding particles, for instance air molecules. Rhythmic variations in air pressure are therefore created which are detected by the ear and perceived as sound. The frequency of a sound wave is the number of these oscillations that passes through a given point each second. It is the compression of the medium particles that actually constitute a sound wave, and which classifies it as longitudinal. As opposed to transverse waves (eg. light waves), in which case the particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave movement, the medium particles are moving in the same or opposite direction as the wave (Russell, D. A., 1998).
Acoustics is a science that deals with the study of sound. It is known to be one of the branches of physics; studying oscillations and sound waves from the lowest to high frequencies. Acoustics is known to be one of the oldest sciences, and dates back to ancient times as people had the need to understand the nature of speech and hearing. The main reason acoustics was discovered and is one of the oldest sciences is because of the need for the knowledge of the sounds of music and musical instruments. Pythagoras, an ancient mathematician, was the first person to ever find out that tone height corresponds to the length of the sting or tube. While Aristotle, Pythagoras apprentice at the time, helped more to explain that an echo is created as the sound reflection from obstacles.
The Global Positioning System consists of three sections, 1.satellites which are orbiting the planet, 2.there are numerous control/monitoring centers here on the ground, and 3. gps receivers which are used by their owners. The satellites send down signals from orbit, which are received by GPS receivers on the ground in the air or on the water, the GPS receiver then converts this information into a location longitude, latitude and altitude along with time.